Մասնակից:Nersisyannn/Ավազարկղ2

Ուիլյամ Ֆրաանկլին Աշ () ամերիկաբնակ բրիտանացի գրող, հաղորդավար և մարքսիզմ, Երկրորդ համաշխարհային պատերազմի ժամանակ ծառայել է որպես կործանիչի օդաչու Կանադայի թագավորական օդային ուժերում։ Նրան գնդակահարեցին, դարձրին ռազմագերի և նշանավորեցին որպես փախուստ։

Վաղ կյանք

Ծնվել է Տեխաս նահանգի Դալաս քաղաքում միջին խավի ընտանիքում, Աշը աշխատող միգրանտ էր ԱՄՆ-ում: Մեծ ճգնաժամի մեջ ավարտել է Տեխասի համալսարանը բակալավրի կոչումով, գրելով արտոնյալ աշակերտների էսսեներ՝ գումար վաստակելու և նաև որպես հեղինակ իր անձնական զարգացման համար: Մոտավորապես այս ժամանակահատվածում բռնկվել է Իսպանիայի քաղաքացիական պատերազմը, և հիմնականում ապաքաղաքական Աշը, որը դրդված էր կռվարարների և ֆաշիզմի ատելությամբ, որոշել է, որ եթե պատերազմը դեռ շարունակվի, երբ նա դառնա 21 տարեկան, լինելով բավականաչափ տարիքով կռվելու համար, նա կմիանա Աբրահամի Լինքոլնի բրիգադին։

Երկրորդ համաշխարհային պատերազմի ծառայություն

1940 թվականի հունիսի 22-ին Աշը գրանցվել է Կանադայի թագավորական ռազմաօդային ուժերում՝ Օնտարիոյի Ունիսոր քաղաքում։ 1940 թվականի հուլիսի 20-ից նա իր հիմնական ուսուցումը անցել է համար 1֊ին նախնական ուսումնական դպրոցում, և 1940 թվականի հոկտեմբերի 14-ին ավարտել է ուսումնառությունը և դարձել առաջատար օդաչու։ Ընդունվելով օդաչուների վերապատրաստման համար, Աշը ուղարկվել է համար 12֊րդ տարրական թռիչքային վերապատրաստման դպրոց, որտեղ նա ավարտել է 1940 թվականի նոյեմբերի 30-ին: Համար 31֊րդ Ծառայության թռիչքային ուսումնական դպրոցում նա սովորել է թռչել մեկ շարժիչով կործանիչներով։

Ռազմագերի

On one of these missions to attack Comines Power Station on 24 March 1942, flying Supermarine Spitfire Mark Vb (serial number "AB281") from RAF Hornchurch, Ash was one of three of the squadron's pilots shot down by Jagdgeschwader 26 he crash-landed at Vieille-Église, about 15 miles from Calais, and was smuggled by the French Resistance to Lille and onward to Paris. He was arrested in Paris at the end of May 1942 and imprisoned at Oflag XXI-B, Szubin. In September 1942, he exchanged identities with an army private and joined a fatigue party, from which he escaped, only to be recaptured the same night. In the spring of 1943, Flight Lieutenant Ash and 32 others escaped from Oflag XXI-B through the latrine tunnel with Harry Day and Peter Stevens. With a companion, he tried to reach Warsaw, but was recaptured four days later. Shortly afterwards, he was transferred to Stalag Luft III, Sagan, where he was an active member of the escape committee. For the next 21 months, when other ranks were being transferred from Sagan to Stalag Luft VI, Heydekrug, Ash changed his identity and accompanied them. Under his direction a tunnel was later made for a mass escape, but the tunnel was discovered when 10 prisoners had got away. Ash continued the attempt and eventually gained his freedom. He boarded a goods train for Kovno, but was discovered by station guards and returned to Sagan.

His de-briefing after liberation from captivity in April 1945 records the places where he was imprisoned as Dulag Luft (Oberusel) for about three days in June 1942, then Stalag Luft III at Sagan from June to September 1942 Oflag XXI-B (Schubin), where he was held from September 1942 to April 1943, back to Stalag Luft III for April and May 1943, and then Stalag Luft VI (Heydekrug) from May to August 1943 before return to Stalag Luft III for the period August 1943 to January 1945 and finally the naval camp Marlag Milag Nord at Westertimke from January to April 1945.

Ash was reportedly twice sentenced to death as a spy. On one of these occasions the Luftwaffe successfully argued that they should have custody of Ash because he was an airman, thereby taking him from the Gestapo who had sentenced him to death.

On 17 May 1946, Ash was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for his escaping activities. He ended the war as a flight lieutenant.

In August 2015, the BBC reported: "When Ash died aged 96 last year his obituaries noted that he was said to have been the model for Virgil Hilts, the lean, leather-jacketed airman played by Steve McQueen in the 1963 film The Great Escape". The character Hilts, nicknamed "The Cooler King" because of the time he spends in the prison camp's punishment block (which the prisoners call "the cooler") for his persistent escape attempts, steals a motorbike and tries to escape to Switzerland but is caught while using it to jump barbed-wire barricades. The BBC report noted that "Ash modestly denied the claim. For one thing he didn't ride a motorbike, he said. For another, he did not take part in the breakout from the Stalag Luft III camp, on which the movie is based. But the reason he did not participate is that he was locked up in the 'cooler' […] as punishment for another escape attempt".

Բրիտանիայում

Demobilised back in England at war's end, Ash discovered that the act of "taking the King's shilling" in 1939 had robbed him of his US citizenship and that he was now a stateless person. He acquired British citizenship and went up to Balliol College, Oxford, on a veteran's scholarship, to read PPE. He then joined the BBC, working alongside a young Tony Benn, who became a lifelong friend. Sent to India as the Corporation's main representative on the subcontinent, Ash was influenced by Nehru's brand of socialism, and by the time he returned to Britain in the late 1950s his politics had solidified into a hard-boiled Marxism. He became involved in left-wing "street politics", including the post-war anti-fascist movement, but his late-blooming revolutionary tendencies eventually proved too much for the BBC, which fired him – though he managed to cling on to freelance employment in the radio drama department as a script reader.

Beginning in the 1960s, Ash wrote a series of novels, including Choice of Arms and Ride a Paper Tiger. Politics, however, remained his chief interest. Finding him too quirky and individualistic, the Communist Party rejected his application for membership, and he co-founded the Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist). He also brought his academic background to bear on the subject, publishing a study entitled Marxist Morality. In later life Ash served for several years as chairman of the Writers' Guild of Great Britain and helped to encourage young writers through his work as a script reader for BBC Radio and later as literary manager at the Soho Theatre. His book The Way to Write Radio Drama remained the best on the subject for more than 20 years. Later, he was able to work as a freelancer for the BBC's radio drama department as a script reader.

He died at the age of 96 in London on 26 April 2014.

Անձնական կյանք

Ash's first marriage, in 1946 to Patricia Rambault – with whom he had a son and a daughter – was dissolved. In 1955 he married his second wife, Ranjana Sidhanta (1924–2015).

Մատենագրություն

In addition to numerous articles in Marxist journals, Ash is the author of the following books:

Fiction

• The Lotus in the Sky (1961), London: Hutchinson,
• Choice of Arms (1962), London: Hutchinson,
• The Longest Way Round (1963), London: Hutchinson,
• Ride a Paper Tiger (1969), New York: Walker,
• Take-Off (1970), New York: Walker,
• Incorporated (1980), Brighton: Harvester Press, 9780855273187,
• Right Side Up (1984), London: Howard Baker, 9780703002662,
• Bold Riot. G. Mann, 1992. 9780704102484,
• What's the Big Idea (993), Bristol: George Mann,
• But My Fist is Free (1997), Maidstone Mann, 9780704102651,
• Rise Like Lions (1998), Maidstone Mann, 9780704102712,
• Heroes In The Evening Mist (2018), New Internationalist, 9781780264738

Non-fiction

• Marxism and Moral Concepts (1964), New York: Monthly Review Press.
• Pickaxe and Rifle : the Story of the Albanian People (1974), London: Howard Baker 9780703000392,
• Morals and Politics : the Ethics of Revolution (1977), London/Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul 0-7100-8558-3
• A Red Square, The Autobiography of an Unconventional Revolutionary (1978), London: Howard Baker, 0-7030-0157-4
• Marxist Morality (1988), London: Howard Baker Press Ltd, 978-0703003133
• Under the Wire: The Wartime Memoir of a Spitfire Pilot, Legendary Escape Artist, Cooler King (with Brendan Foley) (2005), hardback Bantam Press, 0-593-05408-3
• Workers' Politics, the Ethics of Socialism (1998; 2007), Aakar Books, India, 9780954211264,

About William Ash's novels

• Doug Nicholls, Class Writer, An Introduction to the Novels of William Ash (2002), Coventry: Bread Books, 0-9542112-1-9

Biographies

• Ash, William, with Foley, Brendan (2006). Under the Wire. London: Bantam (Autobiography) (published 5 June 2006). ISBN 978-0-553-81711-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 սպաս․ բազմաթիվ անուններ: authors list (link)
• Bishop, Patrick (3 September 2015). The Cooler King: The True Story of William Ash, Spitfire Pilot, PoW and WW2's Greatest Escaper. London: Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-78239-022-0.

Արտաքին հղումներ

• William Ash's radio work for the BBC