Մասնակից:GgGevorg/ավազարկղ Ա

The Star of Life.

Առողջությունը կենդանի օրգանիզմների գործառնական կամ նյութափոխանակային արդյունավետության մակարդակ է։ Մարդկանց մոտ այն մտավոր, մարմնական և հոգևոր ընդհանուր վիճակ է, որը սովորաբար նշանակում է առանց հիվանդության, վնասվածքի կամ ցավի։ Առողջապահության համաշխարհային կազմակերպությունը (ԱՀԿ) առողջությունը սահմանում է որպես «ոչ միայն հիվանդությունների և ֆիզիկական արատների բացակայություն այլև ֆիզիկական, հոգեկան և սոցիալական լիարժեք բարեկեցության վիճակ»։

Առողջության քարոզումը և ամրապնդումը իրականացվում է ֆիզիկական, հոգեկան և սոցիալական բարեկեցության տարբեր համակցություններով, որոնք համատեղ կոչվում են նաև «առողջության եռանկյունի». Հետագայում՝ 1986թ․, ԱՀԿ-ի Առողջության ամրապնդման Օտտավայի խարտիան սահմանեց, որ առողջությունը ոչ միայն վիճակ է, այլ նաև «ամենօրյա կյանքը ապահովելու միջոց, ոչ թե ապրելու նպատակ։ Առողջությունը դրական հասկացություն է, որն ընդգծում է սոցիալական և անհատական միջոցները, ինչպես նաև ֆիզիկական ունակությունները։»

Մարդկանց առողջական խնդիրների կանխարգելմանն ու լուծմանն ուղղված գործունեությունն իրականցվում է առողջապահական մասնագետների կողմից։ Կենդանիների առողջության խնդիրներով զբաղվում է անասնաբուժությունը։

Առողջությունը պայմանավորող գործոնները

Մարդու ապրելու պայմաններն ունեն շատ մեծ ազդեցություն առողջական վիճակի և կյանքի որակի վրա։ Ավելի ու ավելի է ընդունվում, որ առողջության պահպանումը և բարելավումը պետք է կատարվի ոչ միայն առողջագիտության զարգացման և տարբեր օժանդակ միջոցների շնորհիվ, այլ անհատների և հասարակության կողմից խելամիտ կենսակերպ ընտրելու ճանապարհով։ Համաձայն ԱՀԿ-ի, առողջության հիմնական որոշիչներն են՝ հասարակական և տնտեսական միջավայրը, ֆիզիկական միջավայրը, մարդու անհատական բնութագրերը և վարքի առանձնահատկությունները։

Մասնավորապես հետևյալ առանցքային գործոններն են հայտնաբերվել, որոնք առավելապես պայմանավորում են մարդու առողջությունը․

Եկամուտը և սոցիալական կարգավիճակը Սոցիալական աջակցության համակարգերը Կրթությունը և գրագիտությունը Զբաղվածության/աշխատանքային կարգավիճակը Սոցիալական միջավայրը Շրջակա միջավայրը

Սեփական առողջությամբ զբաղվելը և հաղթահարելու հմտությունները (Personal health practices and coping skills) Երեխաների առողջ աճ և զարգացում Կենսաբանական և գենետիկ առանձնահատկությունները Առողջապահական համակարգը Սեռը Մշակույթը

Տարբեր կազմակերպությունների կողմից կատարված զգալի թվով հետազոտություններ և զեկույցներ, օրինակ 1974 թվականին Կանադայի կողմից ներկայացված Լալոնդի զեկույցը, the Alameda County Study in California; ուսումնասիրում են առողջության և տարբեր գործոնների (ապրելակերպ, շրջակա միջավայր, առողջապահական համակարգ, առողջապահական քաղաքականություն) միջև առկա կապը։ An increasing number of studies and reports from different organizations and contexts examine the linkages between health and different factors, including lifestyles, environments, health care organization, and health policy - such as the 1974 Lalonde report from Canada; the Alameda County Study in California; and the series of World Health Reports of the World Health Organization, which focuses on global health issues including access to health care and improving public health outcomes, especially in developing countries.

The concept of the "health field", as distinct from medical care, emerged from the Lalonde report from Canada. The report identified three interdependent fields as key determinants of an individual's health. These are:

• Lifestyle: the aggregation of personal decisions (i.e., over which the individual has control) that can be said to contribute to, or cause, illness or death;
• Environmental: all matters related to health external to the human body and over which the individual has little or no control;
• Biomedical: all aspects of health, physical and mental, developed within the human body as influenced by genetic make-up.

Focusing more on lifestyle issues and their relationships with functional health, data from the Alameda County Study suggested that people can improve their health via exercise, enough sleep, maintaining a healthy body weight, limiting alcohol use, and avoiding smoking. The ability to adapt and to self manage have been suggested as core components of human health.

The environment is often cited as an important factor influencing the health status of individuals. This includes characteristics of the natural environment, the built environment, and the social environment. Factors such as clean water and air, adequate housing, and safe communities and roads all have been found to contribute to good health, especially to the health of infants and children. Some studies have shown that a lack of neighborhood recreational spaces including natural environment leads to lower levels of personal satisfaction and higher levels of obesity, linked to lower overall health and well being. This suggests that the positive health benefits of natural space in urban neighborhoods should be taken into account in public policy and land use.

Genetics, or inherited traits from parents, also play a role in determining the health status of individuals and populations. This can encompass both the predisposition to certain diseases and health conditions, as well as the habits and behaviors individuals develop through the lifestyle of their families. For example, genetics may play a role in the manner in which people cope with stress, either mental, emotional or physical. (One difficulty is the issue raised by the debate over the relative strengths of genetics and other factors; interactions between genetics and environment may be of particular importance.)

Maintaining health

Achieving and maintaining health is an ongoing process, shaped by both the evolution of health care knowledge and practices as well as personal strategies and organized interventions for staying healthy.

Role of science in health

Հիմնական հոդվածներ՝ Health science և Health care

The Dutch Public Health Service provides medical care for the natives of the Dutch East Indies, May 1946

Health science is the branch of science focused on health. There are two main approaches to health science: the study and research of the body and health-related issues to understand how humans (and animals) function, and the application of that knowledge to improve health and to prevent and cure diseases and other physical and mental impairments. The science builds on many sub-fields, including biology, biochemistry, physics, epidemiology, pharmacology, medical sociology. Applied health sciences endeavor to better understand and improve human health through applications in areas such as health education, biomedical engineering, biotechnology and public health.

Organized interventions to improve health based on the principles and procedures developed through the health sciences are provided by practitioners trained in medicine, nursing, nutrition, pharmacy, social work, psychology, occupational therapy, physical therapy and other health care professions. Clinical practitioners focus mainly on the health of individuals, while public health practitioners consider the overall health of communities and populations. Workplace wellness programs are increasingly adopted by companies for their value in improving the health and well-being of their employees, as are school health services to improve the health and well-being of children.

Role of public health

Հիմնական հոդված՝ Public health

Տե՛ս նաև՝ Global health

Postage stamp, New Zealand, 1933. Public health has been promoted - and depicted - in a wide variety of ways.

Public health has been described as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals." It is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. The population in question can be as small as a handful of people or as large as all the inhabitants of several continents (for instance, in the case of a pandemic). Public health has many sub-fields, but typically includes the interdisciplinary categories of epidemiology, biostatistics and health services. Environmental health, community health, behavioral health, and occupational health are also important areas of public health.

The focus of public health interventions is to prevent and manage diseases, injuries and other health conditions through surveillance of cases and the promotion of healthy behavior, communities, and (in aspects relevant to human health) environments. Its aim is to prevent health problems from happening or re-occurring by implementing educational programs, developing policies, administering services, and conducting research. In many cases, treating a disease or controlling a pathogen can be vital to preventing it in others, such as during an outbreak. Vaccination programs and distribution of condoms to prevent the spread of communicable diseases are examples of common preventive public health measures, as are educational campaigns to promote vaccination and the use of condoms (including overcoming resistance to such).

Public health also takes various actions to limit the health disparities between different areas of the country and, in some cases, the continent or world. One issue is the access of individuals and communities to health care in terms of financial, geographical or sociocultural constraints to accessing and using services. Applications of the public health system include the areas of maternal and child health, health services administration, emergency response, and prevention and control of infectious and chronic diseases.

The great positive impact of public health programs is widely acknowledged. Due in part to the policies and actions developed through public health, the 20th century registered a decrease in the mortality rates for infants and children and a continual increase in life expectancy in most parts of the world. For example, it is estimated that life expectancy has increased for Americans by thirty years since 1900, and worldwide by six years since 1990.

Self-care strategies

Հիմնական հոդված՝ Self care

Տե՛ս նաև՝ Chronic care management, Social relation, և Stress management

A lady washing her hands c. 1655

Personal health depends partially on the active, passive, and assisted cues people observe and adopt about their own health. These include personal actions for preventing or minimizing the effects of a disease, usually a chronic condition, through integrative care. They also include personal hygiene practices to prevent infection and illness, such as bathing and washing hands with soap; brushing and flossing teeth; storing, preparing and handling food safely; and many others. The information gleaned from personal observations of daily living - such as about sleep patterns, exercise behavior, nutritional intake, and environmental features - may be used to inform personal decisions and actions (e.g., "I feel tired in the morning so I am going to try sleeping on a different pillow"), as well as clinical decisions and treatment plans (e.g., a patient who notices his or her shoes are tighter than usual may be having exacerbation of left-sided heart failure, and may require diuretic medication to reduce fluid overload).

Personal health also depends partially on the social structure of a person's life. The maintenance of strong social relationships, volunteering, and other social activities have been linked to positive mental health and even increased longevity. One American study among seniors over age 70 found that frequent volunteering was associated with reduced risk of dying compared with older persons who did not volunteer, regardless of physical health status. Another study from Singapore reported that volunteering retirees had significantly better cognitive performance scores, fewer depressive symptoms, and better mental well-being and life satisfaction than non-volunteering retirees.

Prolonged psychological stress may negatively impact health, and has been cited as a factor in cognitive impairment with aging, depressive illness, and expression of disease. Stress management is the application of methods to either reduce stress or increase tolerance to stress. Relaxation techniques are physical methods used to relieve stress. Psychological methods include cognitive therapy, meditation, and positive thinking, which work by reducing response to stress. Improving relevant skills, such as problem solving and time management skills, reduces uncertainty and builds confidence, which also reduces the reaction to stress-causing situations where those skills are applicable.

See also

Health and fitness

• Global burden of disease
• Health care
• Health care providers
• Health education
• Health policy
• Health systems
• Health workforce
• Primary health care
• History of medicine
• Nutrition
• One Health
• Vaccine controversy

External links

Վիքիքաղվածքն ունի քաղվածքների հավաքածու, որոնք վերաբերում են

GgGevorg/ավազարկղ Ա հոդվածին

• World Health Organization
• UK National Health Service
• Health On the Net Foundation
• OECD Health Statistics
• Health and Medical Information from the University of Colorado
• Health-EU Portal, public health portal of the European Union

Health Category:Personal life Category:Health promotion hy:Առողջություն