Մասնակից:Anush P-n/Ավազարկղ

Կանայք Հին Սպարտայում

Հին Հունաստանում սպարտացի կանայք հայտնի էին իրենց ավեի շատ ազատությամբ , քան հունական աշխարհի ցանկացած ուրիշ վայրում: Ըստ ժամանակակիցների սպարտացի կանանց ճանաչում էին իրենց այլազանությամբ և տղամարդկան ղեկավարելու կարողությամբ: Ի տարբերություն աթենքցի կանանց՝ նրանք կարող էին օրինականորեն ունենալ սեփականություն, ստանալ ժառանգություն , ինչպեսն նաև ավելի կիրթ էին: Մեր ունեցած գրավոր աղբյուրները սահմանափակ են և հիմնականում ոչ սպարտայակն տեսակետ են պարունակում:

Երիտասարդություն

Ըստ Պլուտարքոսի վկայության ,

According to Plutarch's testimony, Spartans practiced infanticide as a matter of course if children were thought to be unhealthy. It is unclear from this passage whether this applied to girls as well as boys, though evidence from elsewhere in Plutarch and Xenophon implies that it does not. It is likely that girls were simply given into the care of their mothers immediately after birth. There is not enough evidence, however, to say whether this was the case throughout Spartan history. Female Spartan babies were as well fed as their male counterparts – in contrast to the situation in Athens, where boys were better fed than girls – in order to have physically fit women to carry children and give birth.

Spartan boys were educated in the agoge from the age of seven, at least for some periods of Spartan history, and it seems that whenever the state arranged for the education of boys, it also institutionalised the education of girls. Unlike their male counterparts, however, Spartan girls would have been raised at home with their mothers while they were being educated. There is evidence for some form of official educational programme for girls as early as the archaic period, and this system seems to have been discontinued in the Hellenistic period. The extent to which education for girls was restored under the reforms of Cleomenes III is unclear, but it may have become voluntary rather than compulsory. State-supervised education for girls was once again restored in the Roman period, the agoge having been once again abolished in 188 BC. Women also took part in gymnastics and dance as physical activities, so they could give birth to healthy babies.Literacy was, in Sparta, a skill limited to the elite. There is evidence from the Classical period that some women could read. For instance, anecdotes about Sparta are preserved which feature mothers writing letters to their sons who are away. As well as reading and writing, women studied mousike – which consisted not just of music, but also dance and poetry. Women seem to have learned to play musical instruments, as shown in surviving statuettes.

The Spartan exercise regimen for girls was designed to make them "every bit as fit as their brothers". They learnt to ride, and votive offerings have been discovered depicting Spartan women on horseback. Other exercise for Spartan women included running, wrestling, throwing the discus and javelin, and "trials of strength". It is possible that Spartan girls exercised naked, and Archaic Spartan art certainly portrays naked girls, unlike the art of other areas of Greece. Girls might have competed in gymnopaedia, the Spartan festival of naked youths. They also competed in running races for various festivals, of which the most prestigious was the Heraean Games.

"Why are you Spartan women the only ones who can rule men?"
"Because we are also the only ones who give birth to men."

Gorgo, Queen of Sparta and wife of Leonidas, as quoted by Plutarch

Spartan women were famous in ancient Greece for having more freedom than elsewhere in the Greek world. To contemporaries outside of Sparta, Spartan women had a reputation for promiscuity and controlling their husbands. Unlike their Athenian counterparts, Spartan women could legally own property and inherit, and were better educated. So, as the written sources we have are limited and from a largely non-Spartan viewpoint. As Anton Powell puts it, to say that the written sources are "'not without problems'... as an understatement would be hard to beat".

Անգլիական դիցաբանություն, առասպելների հավաքածու, որոնք ի հայտ են եկել Անգլիայի պատմության ընթացքում, երբեմն վերամշակվելով հետագա սերունդների կողմից , իսկ որոշ դեպքերում հերքվել և փոխարինվել են այլ պատմություններով: Այս պատմությունները բաղկացած են ժողովրդական ավանդույթներից, որոնք զարգացել են Անգլիայում նորմանական նվաճումներից հետո, այնուհետև ամբողջականցվել անգլո-սաքսոնական, քրիստոնեական և կելտական դիցաբանության հետ: English mythology is the collection of myths that have emerged throughout the history of England, sometimes being elaborated upon by successive generations, and at other times being rejected and replaced by other explanatory narratives. These narratives consist of folk traditions developed in England after the Norman Conquest, integrated with traditions from Anglo-Saxon mythology, Christian mythology, and Celtic mythology. Elements of the Matter of Britain and Welsh mythology which relate directly to England are included, such as the foundation myth of Brutus of Troy and the Arthurian legends, but these are combined with narratives from the Matter of England and traditions from English folklore.

Նշանավոր փաստեր և կերպարներ Notable figures and legends

• Ալֆրեդ Մեծ (849-899). 1878 թվականին այրում է բլիթները Աթելնիում, Սոմերսեթ կոմսությունում նախքան Էդինգթոնի ճակատամարտում Մեծ հեթանոսական բանակին
• Alfred the Great (849–899): In 878, burns the cakes in Athelney, Somerset before defeating the Great Heathen Army at the Battle of Edington.
• Արթուր թագավոր (մ.թ. 5-րդ դարի վերջ, 6-րդ դարի սկիզբ, ). Լեգենդար առաջնորդ, ով ըստ միջնադարյան պատմությունների ասպետական վեպերի առաջնորդում էր Կլոր սեղանի ասպետներին ի պաշտպանություն Բրիտանիայի սաքսոնական զավթիչների դեմ:
• King Arthur (late 5th and early 6th centuries A.D.): Legendary leader who, according to medieval histories and romances, led the Knights of the Round Table in the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders. A central figure in the legends making up the Matter of Britain.
• Աթելսթոն( միջին կամ 14-րդ դարի վերջ). անանուն միջնադարյան անգլերերենում չափածո վեպ, հաճախ դասակարգված որպես Matter of England տեքստ: Դրա թագավորման, արադարադատության օրենքի իրավունքի թեմաները կապված են Ռիչարդ II-ի ղեկավարման քաղաքականության հետ:
• Athelston (mid- or late 14th century): Anonymous Middle English verse romance, often classified as a Matter of England text. Its themes of kingship, justice and the rule of law relate to the politics of Richard II's reign.
• Beowulf (dates to between the 8th and the early 11th centuries): Epic poem in Old English. The original manuscript has no title, but the story it tells has become known by the name of its protagonist. Beowulf may be the oldest surviving long poem in Old English and is commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literature.
• Sir Bevis of Hampton (dates to the first half of the 13th century): Legendary English hero; the subject of medieval metrical romances which bear his name.
• Brutus of Troy, or Brute of Troy (dates to the 9th century: Legendary descendant of the Trojan hero Aeneas, known in medieval British history as the eponymous founder and first king of Britain. Brutus first appears in the Historia Brittonum, but is best known from Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae.
• Fulk FitzWarin (c. 1160–1258): Subject of the medieval legend Fouke le Fitz Waryn, which relates the story of Fulk's life as an outlaw and his struggle to regain his familial right to Whittington Castle from King John.
• The Tale of Gamelyn (dates to c. 1350): Romance taking place during the reign of King Edward I, telling the story of Gamelyn and the various obstacles he must overcome in order to retrieve his rightful inheritance from his older brother. Written in a dialect of Middle English and considered part of the Matter of England.
• Guy of Warwick (dates to the 13th century): Legendary English hero of Romance popular in England and France from the 13th to 17th centuries; considered to be part of the Matter of England.
• Havelok the Dane, or Lay of Havelok the Dane (between 1280 and 1290): Middle English Romance considered to be part of the Matter of England; the story derives from two earlier Anglo-Norman texts.
• Hengist and Horsa (5th century): Legendary brothers said to have led the Angles, Saxons and Jutes in their invasion of Britain in the 5th century; Horsa was killed fighting the Britons, but Hengist successfully conquered Kent, becoming the forefather of its Jutish kings. A figure named Hengest appears in the Finnesburg Fragment and in Beowulf.
• King Horn (dates to the middle of the 13th century): Chivalric romance in Middle English; considered part of the Matter of England. Believed to be the oldest extant romance in Middle English.
• Lady Godiva (dates to at least the 13th century): English noblewoman who, according to legend, rode naked – covered only in her long hair – through the streets of Coventry to gain a remission of the oppressive taxation that her husband imposed on his tenants. The term "Peeping Tom" originates from later versions of this legend, in which a man named Thomas watched her ride and was struck blind or dead.
• Robin Hood (dates to the 1370s): Heroic outlaw of English folklore who, according to legend, was a highly skilled archer and swordsman. Traditionally depicted dressed in Lincoln green, he is said to rob from the rich and give to the poor. Alongside his band of Merry Men in Sherwood Forest and against the Sheriff of Nottingham, he became a popular folk figure in the Late Middle Ages, and continues to be represented in literature, film and television.
• Sceafa (dates, arguably, to the 6th century): Ancient Lombardic king in English legend. The story has Sceafa appearing mysteriously as a child, coming out of the sea in an empty skiff. The name has historically been modernized Shava.
• Waltheof of Melrose (c. 1095 – 1159): 12th century English abbot and saint; born to the English nobility, Waltheof is noted for his severe, self-imposed austerities and kindness to the poor.
• Wayland the Smith (dates to the 8th century): Legendary master blacksmith who appears in Deor, Waldere, and Beowulf; the legend is depicted on the Franks Casket.

Արտաքին հղումներ

• Alfred the Great – British Library
• Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur – British Library
• Beowulf – British Library
• Layamon's Roman de Brut – British Library