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{{Infobox artifact
|name = Head of Nefertem
|image = [[File:Tête de Toutânkhamon enfant (musée du Caire Egypte).jpg|200px]]
|image_caption = Head emerging from a lotus
|material = wood, stucco, paint
|size = 30 cm high
|discovered = Tomb of Tutankhamun ([[KV62]]), [[Valley of the Kings]].
|created = [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|18th Dynasty]], [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]]
|location = [[Egyptian Museum]]
|id = JE 60723
}}
The '''Head of Nefertem''' (also known as the '''Head from the Lotus Bloom''' or '''Tutankhamun as the Sun God''') was found in the tomb of [[Tutankhamun]] ([[KV62]]) in the [[Valley of the Kings]] in West [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]]. It depicts the King ([[Pharaoh]]) as a child and dates from the [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|18th Dynasty]] ([[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]]). The object received the find number of 8 and today is displayed with the inventory number JE 60723 in the [[Egyptian Museum]] in [[Cairo]].
== Discovery ==
The discovery of the Head of [[Nefertem]] is controversial, since [[Howard Carter]] did not document the piece in his excavation journal. The Head was found in 1924 by [[Pierre Lacau]] and [[Rex Engelbach]] in [[KV4]] (the tomb of [[Ramses XI]]), which was used as a storehouse for the excavation efforts,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/sites/browse_tomb_818.html|title=KV 4 (Rameses XI)|author=Theban Mapping Project|accessdate=2018-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410042848/http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/sites/browse_tomb_818.html|archive-date=2009-04-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> among the bottles in a box of red wine.<ref>Thomas Hoving: ''Tutankhamun: The Untold Story.'' pp. 318–324.</ref> At this time, Carter was not in Egypt on account of the strike and closure of Tutankhamun's tomb and the withdrawal or cancellation of the excavation license of [[George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon|Lord Carnarvon]]'s widow [[Almina Herbert, Countess of Carnarvon|Lady Almina]]. Carter later stated that he had found the head among the rubble in the entry corridor of KV62.<ref>Zahi Hawass: ''King Tutankhamun. The Treasures Of The Tomb.'' p. 16.</ref> In his first season of excavations, the head was not mentioned; at the time Carter only noted partially broken and full-standing [[alabaster]] vessels and vases of painted clay in the entrance-way. There is not even photographic documentation of the head in the excavation journal as there is for other pieces found in the tomb.<ref>Griffith Institute, Oxford,[http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/4sea1not.html ''Howard Carter's diaries and journals. Part 1: October 28 to December 31, 1922. The first excavation season in the tomb of Tutankhamun.'' 25 and 26 November 1922]</ref> These facts not only led to further disputes in the study of Egyptian antiquities, but also aroused the suspicion in some quarters to this day that Carter had attempted to steal the head.<ref>Andreas Austilat, ''[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/ausstellungen/Archaeologie;art2652,3008610 ''Archäologie: Retter oder Räuber?''] In ''[[Tagesspiegel]]'' 22 January 2010.</ref>
== Description ==
[[File:Tutankhamun emerging from lotus flower.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tutankhamun]] as Nefertem emerging from a blue lotus bloom, [[Egyptian Museum, Cairo]]]]
The partially damaged head of Nefertem is carved out of wood and is {{convert|30|cm}} high. The stucco coating is painted red, though large sections have been damaged; Carter attributed this to its seizure by Egyptian authorities in 1924.<ref>The Griffith Institute, Oxford. ''Tutankhamun: Anatomy of an Excavation. The Howard Carter Archives''. "Head of the King", Carter No. 008</ref> The eyebrows, the typically Egyptian [[kohl (cosmetics)|kohl]] eye liner, and the pupils of the bust were painted in dark blue. The head of the king is completely shaved, but shaven stubble in the form of black paint is visible. The head has Tutankhamun's facial features and depicts him as a child. As on his golden deathmask, Tutankhamun's ears are pierced.
Of all the artefacts found to date, this head is the only depiction of him as a child.<ref name="ReferenceA">Peter Munro: ''Tutanchamun als Sonnengott.'' In the exhibition catalogue ''Tutanchamun in Köln.'' p. 140.</ref>
== Significance ==
The sculpture depicts the Pharaoh in the guise of [[Nefertem]], the god of the dawning sun.<ref>I.E.S. Edwards, ''Tutankhamun: His Tomb and its Treasures''. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art & Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1976, 18.</ref><ref>Zahi Hawass. ''Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs''. Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2005, 81</ref> The child-god [[Nefertem]] springs from a [[Nymphaea caerulea|blue lotus]], which was associated with the revival of the Sun in the morning because its buds close at night and reopen at dawn.<ref>Zahi Hawass. ''Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs''. Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2005, 64</ref> The blue base of the bust symbolises the primordial waters from which the sun rose at the beginning of creation. The Pharaoh was closely associated with the Sun, but the depiction of him in the guise of this particular solar deity was meant to magically guarantee that the Pharaoh would be reborn once more, just as the Sun is reborn at dawn.<ref>Zahi Hawass. ''Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs''. Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2005, 15</ref>
== In Egyptian art ==
Like the depictions of the daughters of [[Akhenaten]] and [[Nefertiti]] found at [[Tell el-Amarna]], the head of Nefertem has the elongated head and neck wrinkles typical of [[Amarna art]]. This suggests that the creation of the head occurred during the [[Amarna period]]. The depiction of the king as a child is among the most beautiful of all [[Egyptian art]] from the end of the 18th Dynasty.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> The head of Nefertem has been exhibited in travelling exhibitions of selected original finds from the tomb of Tutankhamun, including, among others, [[Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun#The Treasures of Tutankhamun (1972–1981)|the Treasures of Tutankhamun (1972–1981)]].<ref>Exhibition catalogue ''Tutanchamun in Köln.'' von Zabern, Mainz 1980, {{ISBN|3-8053-0438-2}}.</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
* [[Zahi Hawass]]. ''The Head of Nefertem.'' (= ''King Tutankhamun. The Treasures Of The Tomb.'') Thames & Hudson, London 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-500-05151-1}}, p. 16.
* [[Thomas Hoving]]. ''Tutankhamun: The Untold Story.'' 1980. Rowman & Littlefield (reprint, 2002). {{ISBN|9780815411864}}.
* [[Thomas Garnet Henry James|T. G. H. James]]. ''Tutankhamun.'' White Star, 2000, {{ISBN|9788880954514}}. Metro Books, 2002, {{ISBN|9781586637422}}.
* Peter Munro. "Tutanchamun als Sonnengott." In the exhibition catalogue ''Tutanchamun in Köln.'' von Zabern, Mainz 1980, {{ISBN|3-8053-0438-2}}, pp. 140–141.
* M. V. Seton-Williams: ''Tutanchamun. Der Pharao. Das Grab. Der Goldschatz.'' Ebeling, Luxembourg 1980, {{ISBN|3-8105-1706-2}}, p. 120.
==External links ==
* The [[Griffith Institute]], Oxford: [http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/perl/gi-ca-qmakesumm.pl?sid=79.225.38.202-1311437293&qno=1&curr=008 ''Tutankhamun: Anatomy of an Excavation. The Howard Carter Archives.'' "Head of the King", Carter No. 008]
{{Tutankhamun}}
[[Category:Archaeological artifacts]]
[[Category:Sculptures of ancient Egypt]]
[[Category:14th-century BC works]]
[[Category:Busts in Egypt]]
[[Category:Egyptian Museum]]
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