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Տող 1.
'''Կոռնելիս Բոեկ''' ({{ԱԾ}}),<ref name="Britannica" /> հայտնի է որպես '''Կիս Բոեկ''', հոլանդացի ռեֆորմիստ [[ուսուցիչ]], [[Քվակերներ]]ի [[Միսիոներություն|միսիոներ]] և [[Պացիֆիզմ|պացիֆիստ]]։ Նա ամենաշատը հատնի է իր հայտնի 1957 թվականին գրված ''Cosmic View'' գրքով, որը ներկայացնում էր տիեզերքի մասին նոր հիմքային տեսակետ, գալակտիկականից մինչև միկրոսկոպիկ մակարդակներ, և որով ոգեշնչվեցին որոշ ֆիլմեր։
Բոեկը փորձել է բարեփոխել կրթությունը՝ թույլատրելով երեխաներին տարածելու իրենց գաղափարները։ Նա այս գործընթացը անվանեց սոցիոկրատիա և ներկայացրեց դպրոցը որպես արհեստանոցներր, որտեղ աշակերտները աշխատողներն են, իսկ ուսուցիչները կոլեգաները։ Հիմնվելով Քվակերների գաղափարների վրա, նա ուզում էր որպեսզի երեխաները հարգեն ժողովրդավարությունը։ 1926 թվականին նա հիմնադրեց դպրոց հոլանդական Բիլթհովեն գյուղում, որը ն ա ղեկավարեց մինչև 1954 թվականը։ Որպես երեխա, հետագայում որպես Հոլանդացի թագուհի [[Բեատրիս]]ը սովորել է այս դպրոցում։
Boeke tried to reform education by allowing the children to contribute their ideas. He called this process [[sociocracy]] and regarded schools as workshops, with pupils as workers, and teachers as co-workers. Based on [[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]] ideas, he wanted the children to respect [[democracy]]. In 1926, he founded a school in [[Bilthoven]], which he led until 1954. As a child, the later Dutch [[Queen Beatrix]] attended the school.
==Կենսագրություն==
Բոեկեը ծնվել է 1884 թվականի սեպտեմբերի 25-ին [[Նիդերլանդներ]]ի Ալկամար քաղաքում՝ մեննոնիտների ընտանիքում, որտեղ նա մեծացել է<ref name="Britannica" />։ Նա սովորել է [[ճարտարապետություն]] [[Դելֆի տեխնոլոգիական համալսարան]]ում։ Որպես աշակերը, նա անցկացրել է մի տարի [[Անգլիա]]յում, որտեղ նա հանդիպել է Քվարկներին․ Նա դարձավ այդ միության անդամ և մասնակցեց [[Բիրմինգհեմ]]ի Վուդբուրգ Քվակերների ուսումնական կենտրոնի դասընթացներին։ Այնուհետեվ նա ոգեշնչվեց Բուրնիվելում՝ Կատբուրիների ընտանիքին պատկանող այգի-գյուղում, որը կառուցել էին Կատբուրգները իրենց աշխատողների համար։ Նա հանդիպեց և ամուսնացավ Բեատրիս Կադբուրի հետ։ Զույգը 1912 թվականին մեկնեց այսօրվա [[Լիբանան]]ի տարածք որպես Քվարկների միսիոներներ, և Կիսը դարձավ Բրումանա դպրոցի տնօրեն։ 1914 թվականին՝ [[Առաջին համաշխարհային պատերազմ]]ը սկսվելուց հետո, նրանք վերադարձան Անգլիա։ Նրանք դարձան խաղաղության ակտիվիստ, Հենրի Հոդգկինի գլխավորությամբ ստեղծվեց Խաղաղության եղբայրությունը։
They became active in peace work, the [[Fellowship of Reconciliation]] having come into being in 1914 through [[Henry Hodgkin]]. In 1915 Boeke traveled to [[Berlin]], where he met [[Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze]], with whom Hodgkin had been working at the outbreak of war. Boeke began to speak publicly in England: "The Germans are our brothers; God did not create man that he might kill; the war will find its quickest end when all soldiers lay down their weapons." He was deported from [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and returned to the Netherlands. His family followed; there they lived in Bilthoven, near [[Utrecht]]. Their home soon became a pacifist centre. Later in the Second World War, Boeke took part in the underground Dutch resistance movement against the same Germans that he called brothers before. This was, however, in line with his ideas of anti-authoritianism and his disapproval of war and prosecution.
After the First World War, Boeke erected a large conference centre in Bilthoven, which he called "Brotherhood House." The first international peace conference took place there between 4 and 11 October 1919. Present at the conference were [[Leon Revoyne]], [[Mathilda Wrede]], [[Leonard Ragaz]], [[Pierre Ceresole]], as well as Hodgkin and Schultze. Boeke and Ceresole became the secretaries of this movement, which initially called itself "Christian International", later the [[International Fellowship of Reconciliation]]. Together with [[Helene Stöcker]], and [[Wilfred Wellock]], they founded the [[Service Civil International]] and in 1921 "Paco" (the [[Esperanto]] word for peace), which in 1923 became [[War Resisters' International]] (WRI).
Kees and Betty Boeke considered war to be rooted in the entanglement of the [[State (polity)|state]] and [[capitalism]]. As Betty was a Cadbury, she inherited large shares in her family's firm. She renounced her wealth, transferring this money to various charitable organizations such as the Quaker-Help Organisation in Russia in 1920. Later, she gave the shares to a trust for the workers of the Cadbury factory. For a while, the Boekes abstained from using money, so as to avoid contributing to the state — since public funds are also spent on weapons. They never used public transport, nor did they pay postage, tolls, or taxes. As a result, they were imprisoned several times. On one occasion the Dutch tax authorities auctioned off the estate in order to recover taxes. [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Queen Wilhelmina]] was in attendance at the auction, and purchased Kees' favorite violin, only to return it to him on the spot. Boeke supported his family by working in Utrecht in a building association which he had founded; he did not work as an architect (which was his training), but as a simple worker.
In the late 1920s Boeke increasingly withdrew from international peace movements. Believing he could build a better society through educating children, he started a school called "De werkplaats" (the workshop). He founded his school in 1926 when all private schools, including the [[Montessori school]] his children attended, started receiving an equal amount of money per child from the state, to which he objected.
[[File:Kees Boeke (1946).jpg|thumb|Kees Boeke with [[Beatrix of the Netherlands]] (right) in 1946]]
His school, which uses [[Montessori method|Maria Montessori's methods]], extended by Boeke's own educational ideas, became nationally known; even the Dutch queen Juliana sent her daughters there.<ref>[http://geschiedenis.vpro.nl/programmas/2899536/afleveringen/40041487/ (Dutch) De school van Beatrix.] [[Andere Tijden]], 25 september 2008</ref> The school has been hugely influential for its creative way of making the students co-responsible for their own curriculum, together with the teachers; many students who failed in regular schools have blossomed at "De werkplaats", but on the other hand many talented children could not reach a high level in this school.
Co-responsibility in school did not mean a freewheeling life at "the Werkplaats". Children had to perform tasks such as cleaning the school, growing vegetables and fruits, and helping with lunch cooking. Boeke's notion of sociocracy was, in effect, a secular implementation of the Quaker ideals applied to education in such a way that children were treated as adults, and were on first-name terms with their teachers.
In WWII, Kees and Betty sheltered Jews at their own peril, saving several lives. For this work, they were enshrined in Yad Vashem (<ref>Yad Vashem 4963.1</ref>) in 1992.
Boeke wrote a major book on education. One of his last works was ''[[Cosmic View]]'' (New York 1957).
On 3 July 1966, Boeke died in the company of his family in [[Abcoude]], Netherlands.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=Kees Boeke {{!}} Dutch educator and author |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kees-Boeke |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |accessdate=2 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
==Legacy==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ջուդ, Ֆրանկ}}▼
Boeke's system of [[sociocracy]] still survives, and his work was expanded upon through the efforts of a well-known student of Boeke's ideas, Dr. [[Gerard Endenburg]], who in the 1960s and '70s developed a governance and decision-making methodology by the same name while directing the [[Endenburg Electrotechniek]] company.
Boeke's essay/book ''[[Cosmic View]]'' (1957) presents a seminal view of the universe, from the galactic to the microscopic scale. It inspired several films:
* ''[[Cosmic Zoom]]'' (1968) produced by the [[National Film Board of Canada]]
* ''[[Powers of Ten (film)|Powers of Ten]]'' (1968; new version in 1977) by [[Charles and Ray Eames]]
* The [[IMAX]] film ''[[Cosmic Voyage]]'' (1996) produced for the [[Smithsonian Institution]]'s [[National Air and Space Museum]].
* ''Superpowers of Ten'' (2013), a theater piece produced by [[Andrés Jaque]] and performed at the Lisbon Triennial, the Chicago Architectural Biennial, [[Museo Jumex]] in Mexico and [[ZKM]] in Karlsruhe
* ''Cosmic View'' is mentioned as an inspiration by [[Will Wright (game designer)|Will Wright]], creator of a [[video game]], ''[[Spore (2008 video game)|Spore]]'' (2008).<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/14/games Cosmic view, inspiration for a video game.] ''The Guardian'', 14 September 2008</ref>
== External links ==
{{commonscatinline}}
*{{in lang|nl}} [http://www.wpkeesboeke.nl Official Website of the Werkplaats Kindergemeenschap]
*{{in lang|nl}} [http://www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/b/10729116full.php Archief Kees Boeke]
*[http://www.vendian.org/mncharity/cosmicview/ Online copy of the book ''Cosmic View'']
*''[[Cosmic View]]'', the Universe in 40 Jumps (1957, John Day Company)
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:Dutch educators]]
[[Category:Tax resisters]]
[[Category:Converts to Quakerism]]
[[Category:Dutch Quakers]]
[[Category:People from Alkmaar]]
[[Category:Delft University of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Dutch Christian socialists]]
[[Category:Dutch Christian pacifists]]
[[Category:Dutch anti-war activists]]
[[Category:Nonviolence]]
[[Category:Quaker socialists]]
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