«Մասնակից:Արմին-Կարապետյան/Ավազարկղ»–ի խմբագրումների տարբերություն

Some interpretations of Islam include a ban of depiction of animate beings, also known as aniconism. [[Islamic aniconism]] stems in part from the prohibition of idolatry and in part from the belief that creation of living forms is God's prerogative.<ref name=esposito>{{cite book|author=Esposito, John L.|title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam|edition=2nd|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|pages=14–15}}</ref><ref name=met>{{cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/figs/hd_figs.htm|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|title=Figural Representation in Islamic Art}}</ref> Muslims have interpreted these prohibitions in different ways in different times and places. Religious Islamic art has been typically characterized by the absence of figures and extensive use of [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphic]], [[Islamic geometric patterns|geometric]] and [[Arabesque (Islamic art)|abstract floral]] patterns. However, representations of Islamic religious figures are found in some manuscripts from [[Persianate society|Persianate cultures]], including [[Ottoman Turkey]] and [[Mughal India]]. These pictures were meant to illustrate the story and not to infringe on the Islamic prohibition of idolatry, but many Muslims regard such images as forbidden.<ref name=esposito/> In secular art of the Muslim world, representations of human and animal forms historically flourished in nearly all Islamic cultures, although, partly because of opposing religious sentiments, figures in paintings were often stylized, giving rise to a variety of decorative figural designs.<ref name=met/>

 

[[File:Courtyard of the Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey 004.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Tiles with some calligraphy in the courtyard of the [[Süleymaniye Mosque]] in [[Istanbul]] ([[Turkey]])]]

Calligraphic design is omnipresent in Islamic art, where, as in [[Europe]] in the [[Middle Ages]], religious exhortations, including Qur'anic verses, may be included in secular objects, especially coins, tiles and metalwork, and most painted miniatures include some script, as do many buildings. Use of Islamic calligraphy in architecture extended significantly outside of Islamic territories; one notable example is the use of [[Chinese calligraphy]] of Arabic verses from the Qur'an in the [[Great Mosque of Xi'an]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bondak|first1=Marwa|title=Islamic Art History: An Influential Period|url=http://blog.mozaico.com/islamic-art-history-an-influential-period/|website=Mozaico|accessdate=26 May 2017|date=2017-04-25}}</ref> Other inscriptions include verses of poetry, and inscriptions recording ownership or donation. Two of the main scripts involved are the symbolic ''[[kufic]]'' and ''[[Naskh (script)|naskh]]'' scripts, which can be found adorning and enhancing the visual appeal of the walls and domes of buildings, the sides of [[minbar]]s, and metalwork.<ref name="JAACMadden"/> Islamic calligraphy in the form of painting or sculptures are sometimes referred to as ''quranic art''.<ref>Islamic Archaeology in the Sudan - Page 22, Intisar Soghayroun Elzein - 2004</ref>