«Մասնակից:Ani Khachatryan/Ավազարկղ Ա»–ի խմբագրումների տարբերություն

▲Functional neuroimaging during symptom provocation has observed abnormal activity in the [[orbitofrontal cortex]], left [[dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]], right [[premotor cortex]], left superior [[Superior temporal gyrus|temporal gyrus]], [[globus pallidus externus]], [[hippocampus]] and right [[uncus]]. Weaker foci of abnormal activity were found in the left [[caudate nucleus|caudate]], [[posterior cingulate cortex]] and [[superior parietal lobule]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rotge|first1=Jean-Yves|last2=Guehl|first2=Dominique|last3=Dilharreguy|first3=Bixente|last4=Cuny|first4=Emmanuel|last5=Tignol|first5=Jean|last6=Bioulac|first6=Bernard|last7=Allard|first7=Michele|last8=Burbaud|first8=Pierre|last9=Aouizerate|first9=Bruno|title=Provocation of obsessive–compulsive symptoms: a quantitative voxel-based meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies|journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : JPN|date=3 March 2017|volume=33|issue=5|pages=405–412|pmc=2527721|issn=1180-4882|pmid=18787662}}</ref> However, an older meta analysis of functional neuroimaging in OCD reported the only consistent functional neuroimaging findings have been increased activity in the orbital gyrus and head of the caudate nucleus, while ACC activation abnormalities were too inconsistent.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Whiteside|first1=Stephen P.|last2=Port|first2=John D.|last3=Abramowitz|first3=Jonathan S.|title=A meta–analysis of functional neuroimaging in obsessive–compulsive disorder|journal=Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging|volume=132|issue=1|pages=69–79|doi=10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.07.001|pmid=15546704|year=2004}}</ref> A meta analysis comparing affective and non affective tasks observed differences with controls in regions implicated in salience, habit, goal ditected behavior, self-referential thinking and cognitive control. For non affective tasks, hyperactivity was observed in the insula, ACC, and head of the caudate/putamen, while hypoactivity was observed in the [[medial prefrontal cortex]](mPFC) and posterior caudate. Affective tasks were observed to relate to increased activation in the [[precuneus]] and [[posterior cingulate cortex]](PCC), while decreased activation was found in the pallidum, ventral anterior thalamus and postetior caudate.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rasgon|first1=A|last2=Lee|first2=WH|last3=Leibu|first3=E|last4=Laird|first4=A|last5=Glahn|first5=D|last6=Goodman|first6=W|last7=Frangou|first7=S|title=Neural correlates of affective and non-affective cognition in obsessive compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis of functional imaging studies.|journal=European Psychiatry|date=October 2017|volume=46|pages=25–32|doi=10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.08.001|pmid=28992533}}</ref> The involvement of the [[Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop|cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical]] loop in OCD as well as the high rates of comorbidity between OCD and [[ADHD]] have led some to draw a link in their mechanism. Observed similarities include dysfunction of the [[anterior cingulate cortex]], and [[prefrontal cortex]], as well as shared deficits in executive functions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brem|first1=Silvia|last2=Grünblatt|first2=Edna|last3=Drechsler|first3=Renate|last4=Riederer|first4=Peter|last5=Walitza|first5=Susanne|title=The neurobiological link between OCD and ADHD|journal=Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders|date=1 January 2014|volume=6|issue=3|pages=175–202|doi=10.1007/s12402-014-0146-x|pmc=4148591|issn=1866-6116|pmid=25017045}}</ref> The involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in OCD is shared with [[Bipolar Disorder]] and may explain their high degree of comorbidity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Amerio|first1=Andrea|last2=Stubbs|first2=Brendon|last3=Odone|first3=Anna|last4=Tonna|first4=Matteo|last5=Marchesi|first5=Carlo|last6=Nassir Ghaemi|first6=S.|title=Bipolar I and II Disorders; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis onDifferences in Comorbid Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder|journal=Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences|date=17 August 2016|volume=10|issue=3|pages=e3604|doi=10.17795/ijpbs-3604|pmid=27826323|issn=1735-8639|pmc=5098723}}</ref> Decreased volumes of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex related to executive function has also been observed in OCD.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Piras|first1=Federica|last2=Piras|first2=Fabrizio|last3=Chiapponi|first3=Chiara|last4=Girardi|first4=Paolo|last5=Caltagirone|first5=Carlo|last6=Spalletta|first6=Gianfranco|title=Widespread structural brain changes in OCD: a systematic review of voxel-based morphometry studies|journal=Cortex|date=1 January 2015|volume=62|pages=89–108|doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2013.01.016|pmid=23582297|issn=1973-8102}}</ref>

▲People with OCD evince increased [[grey matter]] volumes in bilateral [[lenticular nucleus|lenticular nuclei]], extending to the caudate nuclei, with decreased grey matter volumes in bilateral dorsal [[medial frontal gyrus|medial frontal]]/[[anterior cingulate cortex|anterior cingulate]] gyri.<ref name="Radua and Mataix-Cols, 2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Radua J, Mataix-Cols D | title = Voxel-wise meta-analysis of grey matter changes in obsessive–compulsive disorder | journal = British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 195 | issue = 5 | pages = 393–402 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19880927 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.bp.108.055046 }}</ref><ref name=radua2010>{{cite journal |vauthors=Radua J, van den Heuvel OA, Surguladze S, Mataix-Cols D | title = Meta-analytical comparison of voxel-based morphometry studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder vs other anxiety disorders | journal = Archives of General Psychiatry | volume = 67 | issue = 7 | pages = 701–711 | date = 5 July 2010 | pmid = 20603451 | doi = 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.70 }}</ref> These findings contrast with those in people with other anxiety disorders, who evince decreased (rather than increased) [[grey matter]] volumes in bilateral [[lenticular nucleus|lenticular]] / caudate nuclei, as well as decreased grey matter volumes in bilateral dorsal [[medial frontal gyrus|medial frontal]]/[[anterior cingulate cortex|anterior cingulate]] gyri.<ref name=radua2010 /> Increased white matter volume and decreased fractional anisotropy in anterior midline tracts has been observed in OCD, possibly indicating increased fiber crossings.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Radua|first1=J|last2=Grau|first2=M|last3=van den Heuvel|first3=OA|last4=Thiebaut de Schotten|first4=M|last5=Stein|first5=DJ|last6=Canales-Rodríguez|first6=EJ|last7=Catani|first7=M|last8=Mataix-Cols|first8=D|title=Multimodal voxel-based meta-analysis of white matter abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder.|journal=Neuropsychopharmacology|date=June 2014|volume=39|issue=7|pages=1547–57|doi=10.1038/npp.2014.5|pmid=24407265|pmc=4023155}}</ref>