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Մասնակից:Vkhachatriann/Pit bull

< Մասնակից:Vkhachatriann
Կրկնվող վանդալությունների պատճառով անանուն խմբագրումները {{{1}}} արգելափակված են։

Կաղապար:Short description

«Pitbull» էջը վերահղված է այստեղ։ the American rapper and entertainer այցելիր Pitbull (rapper) էջը։ other uses, տես other uses (այլ կիրառումներ)։

Կաղապար:Use mdy dates Կաղապար:Infobox Dogbreed

Pit bull is the common name for a type of dog descended from bulldogs and terriers. The pit bull-type is particularly ambiguous, as it encompasses a range of pedigree breeds, informal types and appearances that cannot be reliably identified.[1] Formal breeds often considered to be of the pit bull-type include the American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, American Bully, and Staffordshire Bull Terrier.[2][3][4] The American Bulldog is also sometimes included.[5] Mixed-breed dogs which physically resemble these breeds often get labelled as "pit bulls" by shelters. Many of these breeds were originally developed as fighting dogs from crossbreeding bull-baiting dogs (used to hold the faces and heads of larger animals such as bulls) and terriers.[5] After the use of dogs in blood sports was banned, such dogs were used as catch dogs in the United States for semi-wild cattle and hogs, to hunt and drive livestock, and as family companions.[6] Despite dog fighting now being illegal in the United States, it still exists as an underground activity, and pit bulls are a common type used.[7][8][9]

According to the American Veterinary Medical Association, "owners of pit bull-type dogs deal with a strong breed stigma; however, controlled studies have not identified this breed group as disproportionately dangerous."[1] Because owners of stigmatized breeds are more likely to have involvement in criminal or violent acts, breed correlations may have the owner's behavior as the underlying causal factor.[1] Some jurisdictions have enacted legislation banning the group of breeds, and some insurance companies do not cover liability from pit bull bites. Among other roles, pit bulls have served as police dogs, search and rescue dogs, and several have appeared on film.

History

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Bull- and bear-baiting arenas shown on the "Woodcut" map of London of c.1561 (the dogs are shown coming out of pens on each side)
 
An American Pit Bull Terrier puppy

Pit bulls were created by crossbreeding bulldogs and terriers to produce a dog that combined the strength of the bulldog with the gameness and agility of the terrier.[6] In the United Kingdom, these dogs were used in blood sports such as bull-baiting and bear-baiting. These blood sports were officially eliminated in 1835, as Britain began to introduce animal welfare laws. Since dogfights were cheaper to organize and far easier to conceal from the law than bull- or bear-baits, blood sport proponents turned to pitting their dogs against each other instead.[5] Dog fighting was used as both a blood sport (often involving gambling) and a way to continue to test the quality of their stock. For decades afterwards, dog fighting took place clandestinely in small areas of Britain and America. In the early 20th century, pit bulls were used as catch dogs in America for semi-wild cattle and hogs, to hunt and drive livestock, and as family companions.[6] Some have been selectively bred for their fighting prowess.[8][9]

Pit bulls also constitute the majority of dogs used for illegal dog fighting in America.[10] In addition, law enforcement organisations report these dogs are used for other nefarious purposes, such as guarding illegal narcotics operations.[11][12] use against police,[13] and as attack dogs.[14] On the other side of the law, pit bulls have been used as police dogs.[15][16]

In an effort to counter the fighting reputation of pit bull-type dogs, in 1996 the San Francisco Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals renamed pit bull terriers "St. Francis Terriers", so that people might be more likely to adopt them.[17] 60 temperament-screened dogs were adopted until the program was halted, after several of the newly adopted pit bulls killed cats.[18] The New York City Center for Animal Care and Control tried a similar approach in 2004, relabeling their pit bulls as "New Yorkies", but dropped the idea in the face of overwhelming public opposition.[19][20]

 
A blue-nosed pit bull puppy

Currently, there are a number of breeds that are recognized by different associations which fall under the term "pit bull". The Federation Cynologique Internationale currently only recognizes three breeds: the Bull Terrier, the Miniature Bull Terrier, and the Staffordshire Bull Terrier.[21] The Canadian Kennel Club also recognizes these breeds, as well as the American Staffordshire Terrier.[22] The American Kennel Club recognizes the Bull Terrier, the Miniature Bull Terrier, the Staffordshire Bull Terrier and the American Staffordshire Terrier as breeds also.[23]

Identification

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Dogs termed pit bulls share similar physical characteristics, but the morphological variation among bully breed dogs makes it difficult for even experts to visually identify them as distinct.[24][25][26] While mixed-breed dogs are often labeled as pit bulls if they have certain physical characteristics, such as a square-shaped head or bulky body type,[27] visual identification of mixed-breed dogs is not recommended by the scholarly community.[24] Some of the breeds which often get mistaken for pit bulls (but which are not genetically pit bulls) include the Cane Corso, Dogo Argentino, Dogue de Bordeaux, and others, but because these breeds did not originate with the crossbreeding of bulldogs and terriers, they do not fall under the term "pit bull".[28][29]

Dog attack risk

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Տե՛ս նաև՝ Dog attack և Fatal dog attacks in the United States

Կաղապար:See

 
A male pit bull, muzzled
 
A pit bull with cropped ears

Violent interactions between humans and canines have been studied by the U.S. government,[30] notably the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),[31] as well as academic veterinary researchers.[1] The interpretation of these studies, breed identification and relevance[32] issues, and variable circumstances have given rise to intense controversy.[33][34][35]

In a 2014 literature review of dog bite studies, the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) states that breed is a poor sole predictor of dog bites.[36] Controlled studies have not identified pit bulls as disproportionately dangerous. Pit bull-type dogs are more frequently identified with cases involving very severe injuries or fatalities than other breeds, but the review suggests this may relate to the popularity of the breed, noting that sled dogs, such as Siberian Huskies, were involved in a majority of fatal dog attacks in some areas of Canada.[1] Bite statistics by breed are not tracked by the CDC[37], AVMA[38] or the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA).[39] State Farm Insurance spokeswoman Heather Paul stated "Pit bulls in particular are often misidentified when a bite incident occurs, so reliable bite statistics related to the dogs’ breed are unreliable and serve no purpose."[40] The White House stated that "the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention looked at twenty years of data about dog bites and human fatalities in the United States. They found that fatal attacks represent a very small proportion of dog bite injuries to people and that it’s virtually impossible to calculate bite rates for specific breeds". [41]

In a 2000 review by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which examines data from both media reports and from the Humane Society of the United States, pit bull-type dogs were identified in approximately one-third of dog bite-related fatalities in the United States between 1981 and 1992. However, the review notes that studies on dog bite-related fatalities which collect information by surveying news reports are subject to potential errors, as some fatal attacks may not have been reported, a study might not find all relevant news reports, and the dog breed might be misidentified.[42] The AVMA has also noted fundamental problems with tracking breed in dog bite-related fatalities.[38] In a 2013 study of 256 fatalities in the United States from 2000 to 2009, the AVMA determined that valid breed determination was possible for only 17.6% of cases.[43]

Contrary to popular myth, pit bulls do not have "locking jaws".[44] There is no physiological "locking mechanism" in the jaw muscle and bone structure of pit bulls or other dogs.[45] Pit bull-type dogs, like other terriers, hunting and bull-baiting breeds,[46] can exhibit a bite, hold, and shake behavior and at times refuse to release.[12][47][48] Pit bulls also have wide skulls, well-developed facial muscles, and strong jaws,[44] and some research suggests that pit bull bites are particularly serious because they tend to bite deeply and grind their molars into tissue.[49] Breaking an ammonia ampule and holding it up to the dog's nose can cause the dog to release its hold.[47]

Breed-specific legislation

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Հիմնական հոդված՝ Breed-specific legislation

Widely reported pit bull attacks in popular media have resulted in the enactment of breed-specific legislation (BSL) in several jurisdictions. In some cases, breed-specific bans have been reversed or prohibited by state legislation.[50][51] These perceptions have also led to increased premiums for liability insurance.

Breed-specific legislation has been largely found to be ineffective at reducing the number of dog attacks.[52] Research has indicated that there is resistance by those who work in the adoption industry, applying a sharper distinction before allowing a dog to be labelled as a pit bull, as well as objections from veterinarians.[53][54][55]

Many of the jurisdictions that restrict pit bulls apply their restriction to the modern American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, and any other dog that has the substantial physical characteristics and appearance of those breeds. Such jurisdictions include the Canadian province of Ontario,[56] and the U.S. cities of Miami[57] and Denver.[58] However, a few jurisdictions, such as Singapore,[59] also classify the modern American Bulldog as a "pit bull-type dog". In the United Kingdom, a pit bull is an American Pit Bull Terrier.[60]

Courts in the United States[61][62] and Canada[63][64] have ruled that expert identification, when using published breed standards, is sufficient for the enforcement of breed-specific legislation.

The ASPCA said that, along with putative over-reporting, false reporting was a major contributor to public perceptions about the breed.[65]

Commercial restrictions

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Liability insurance

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Dog owners in the United States can be held legally liable for injuries inflicted or caused by their dogs. In general, owners are considered liable if they were unreasonably careless in handling or restraining the dog, or if they knew beforehand that the dog had a tendency to cause injury (e.g., bite); however, dog owners are automatically considered liable if local laws hold an owner strictly liable for all damage caused by their dog, regardless of carelessness or foreknowledge of a dog's tendencies. Homeowners and renters insurance policies typically provide liability coverage from US$100,000–300,000 for injuries inflicted by dogs;[66] however, some insurance companies limit their exposure to dog bite liability claims by putting restrictions on dog owners that they insure. These restrictions include refusing to cover dog bites under the insurance policy, increasing insurance rates for homeowners with specific breeds, requiring owners of specific breeds to take special training or have their dogs pass the American Kennel Club Canine Good Citizen test,[67] requiring owners to restrict their dogs with muzzles, chains, or enclosures, and refusing to write policies for homeowners or renters who have specific breeds of dogs.[66]

Owners of rental properties may also be held liable if they knew an aggressive dog was living on their property and they did nothing to ensure the safety of other tenants at the property; as a result, many rental properties forbid pit bull-type dogs and any other breeds if the rental property's insurance will not cover damage inflicted by that type of dog. The dog breeds most often targeted by insurance companies include pit bull-type dogs, Rottweilers, German Shepherd Dogs, Doberman Pinschers, Akitas (Akita Inu and American Akitas), and Chow Chows.[68]

In 2013, Farmers Insurance notified policy holders in California that it will no longer cover bites by pit bulls, Rottweilers and wolf-dog hybrids. A spokeswoman for Farmers said that those breeds account for more than a quarter of the agency's dog bite claims.[69]

Air carrier restrictions

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Several air carriers embargo certain brachycephalic dog breeds. The following table has a sampling of air carrier embargoes on dogs.

Airline Reason Details
Air France Safety Category 1 dogs, as defined by the French Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry, are not permitted for transport in the cabin, or as baggage or cargo. These so-called "attack dogs" do not belong to a particular breed, but are similar in morphology to the following: Staffordshire Bull Terriers or American Staffordshire Terriers (pit bulls), Mastiffs and Tosas.[70]
Alaska Airlines Health Dog breeds, including Staffordshire Bull Terriers, American Staffordshire Terriers and American Pit Bull Terriers, fly at their owner's risk, with no additional compensation if the dog suffers injury or dies during transit. The airline may refuse to accept the dog if it feels that outside temperatures are too extreme for the animal's safety.[71]
American Airlines Health American Airlines will not accept brachycephalic or snub-nosed dogs as checked luggage.[72]
Delta Air Lines Safety "We have determined that untrained, pit bull-type dogs posing as both service and support animals are a potential safety risk", the airline said.[73]
United Airlines Health Will not accept reservations for the following brachycephalic (or short- or snub-nosed) dogs and cats and strong-jawed dog breeds*, out of concern for higher adverse health risks.[74]

Notable pit bulls

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Կաղապար:Too many examples Pit bull breeds have become famous for their roles as soldiers, police dogs, search and rescue dogs, actors, television personalities, seeing eye dogs, and celebrity pets. Pete the Pup from the movie series The Little Rascals, an American Staffordshire Terrier, is a historically well-known pit bull. Lesser known, but still historically notable pit bulls include Billie Holiday's companion "Mister",[75] Helen Keller's dog "Sir Thomas",[76] Buster Brown's dog "Tige",[77] Horatio Jackson's dog "Bud",[78][79] President Theodore Roosevelt's pit bull terrier "Pete", "Jack Brutus", who served for Company K, the First Connecticut Volunteer Infantry during the Civil War,[80] Sergeant Stubby, who served for the 102nd Infantry, 26th (Yankee) Division during World War I, and Sir Walter Scott's "Wasp".[81]

Contemporary significant pit bulls are: Weela, who helped save 32 people, 29 dogs, three horses, and one cat during Southern California's widespread flooding in 1993;[82] Popsicle was a drug detection dog for U.S. Customs and worked on the Texas—Mexico border where in 1998 he made the then biggest cocaine drug find ever made at the Hidalgo Texas Port of Entry;[83][84] Norton, who was placed in the Purina Animal Hall of Fame after he rescued his owner from a severe reaction to a spider bite;[85] Titan, who rescued his owner's wife, who would have died from an aneurysm; D-Boy, who took three bullets to save his family from an intruder with a gun;[86] Star, who, while protecting her owner, was shot by police in a video that went viral;[87] and Lilly, who lost a leg after being struck by a freight train while pulling her unconscious owner from the train tracks.[88] Daddy, Cesar Millan's right-hand dog, was famous for his mellow temperament and his ability to interact calmly with ill-mannered dogs.

   Dogs

References

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 «Dog Bite Risk and Prevention: The Role of Breed». American Veterinary Medical Association. April 17, 2012.
  2. ↑ Allen, Jenna. «Bark vs. bite: A look at the stigma surrounding pit bulls». Vox Magazine. Վերցված է May 9, 2019-ին.
  3. ↑ «Frequently Asked Questions». Pit Bull Rescue Central. Վերցված է June 17, 2015-ին.
  4. ↑ «The Truth about Pitbulls». ASPCA. Արխիվացված օրիգինալից March 8, 2015-ին.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Meltzer, Marisa (January 4, 2019). «The Pit Bull Gets a Rebrand». The New York Times. Վերցված է January 10, 2019-ին.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 «American Pit Bull Terrier». United Kennel Club (UKC). Վերցված է January 2, 2017-ին.
  7. ↑ Gibson, Hanna (2005). «Dog Fighting General Overview». Animal Legal and Historical Center, Michigan State University College of Law. Վերցված է September 26, 2007-ին.
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 «Pit Bull Cruelty». American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA). 2013. Վերցված է February 3, 2014-ին.
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 «Dog Fighting». American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA). 2013. Վերցված է February 3, 2014-ին.
  10. ↑ «Dog Fighting Fact Sheet». Humane Society of the United States. 2009. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից July 19, 2009-ին. Վերցված է August 7, 2009-ին.
  11. ↑ Cook, Frank (June 29, 1987). «Pit bulls becoming drug dealers weapon of preference». United Press International. Վերցված է December 21, 2019-ին.
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Swift, E.M. (July 27, 1987). «The pit bull: friend and killer». Sports Illustrated. Vol. 67, no. #4. Վերցված է December 2, 2009-ին.
  13. ↑ Baker, Al; Warren, Mathew R. (July 9, 2009). «Shooting highlights the risks dogs pose to police, and vice versa». The New York Times. New York, NY. Վերցված է January 7, 2010-ին.
  14. ↑ «'Dangerous dogs' weapon of choice». BBC News. December 2, 2009. Վերցված է December 2, 2009-ին.
  15. ↑ «Cool K-9 Popsicle retires». U.S. Customs Today. 38 (#10). October 2002. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից October 24, 2011-ին. Վերցված է August 7, 2009-ին.
  16. ↑ Lewin, Adrienne Mand (October 12, 2005). «Protecting the Nation – One Sniff at a Time». ABC News. Վերցված է February 2, 2009-ին.
  17. ↑ Cothran, George (June 11, 1997). «Shouldn't we just kill this dog?». San Francisco Weekly. San Francisco, CA. Վերցված է September 4, 2009-ին.
  18. ↑ «Bring breeders of high-risk dogs to heel». Animal People News. January 2004. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից April 15, 2010-ին. Վերցված է September 4, 2009-ին.
  19. ↑ Haberman, Clyde (January 13, 2004). «NYC; Rebrand Fido? An idea best put down». The New York Times. New York, NY. Վերցված է September 4, 2009-ին.
  20. ↑ Laurence, Charles (January 4, 2004). «Q: When is a pit bull terrier not a pit bull terrier? A: When it's a patriot terrier». The Daily Telegraph. London, UK. Վերցված է November 14, 2009-ին.
  21. ↑ «Search Results». Fédération Cynologique Internationale. August 11, 2018. Վերցված է August 11, 2018-ին.
  22. ↑ «Terriers». Canadian Kennel Club. Վերցված է August 11, 2018-ին.
  23. ↑ «Terrier Group – Page 3 of 3 – American Kennel Club». American Kennel Club. July 19, 2018. Վերցված է August 11, 2018-ին.
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 «Inaccuracy of Breed Labels Assigned to Dogs of Unknown Origin». Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից July 30, 2016-ին.
  25. ↑ «Breed Discriminatory Legislation: How DNA Will Remedy the Unfairness». Journal of Animal Law & Ethics. 161 (#4). May 2011. Վերցված է March 21, 2016-ին.
  26. ↑ «Pit bull Identification in Animal Shelters» (PDF).
  27. ↑ Swann, Kristen E. «Irrationality Unleashed: The Pitfalls of Breed-Specific Legislation». UMKC Law Review. 78: 839.
  28. ↑ «CKC». Canadian Kennel Club. Վերցված է April 5, 2018-ին.
  29. ↑ «ACC». American Kennel Club. Վերցված է April 5, 2018-ին.
  30. ↑ Hanna, TL, Selby LA. Characteristics of the human and pet populations in animal bite incidents recorded at two Air Force bases. Public Health Rep. 1981;96:580-584.
  31. ↑ Clarke NM. A survey of urban Canadian animal control practices : the effect of enforcement and resourcing on the reported dog bite rate, Master of Science – MSc 2009
  32. ↑ Duffy, DL., Hsu, Y. Serpell, JA. Breed differences in canine aggression. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2008;114:441–460.
  33. ↑ Roll, A.; Unshelm, J. (1997). «Aggressive conflicts amongst dogs and factors affecting them». Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 52 (#3–4): 229–242. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01125-2. ISSN 0168-1591.
  34. ↑ Pitbull Myths vs. Fact – Animal Rescuers Without Borders
  35. ↑ Delise, Karen (2007). «The Pit Bull Placebo: The Media, Myths and Politics of Canine Aggression» (PDF). Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից (PDF) May 22, 2012-ին. Վերցված է December 18, 2012-ին.
  36. ↑ «National Dog Bite Prevention Week 2014 (May 18-24) Podcast». American Veterinary Medical Association. 2017. Վերցված է April 25, 2017-ին.
  37. ↑ Nolen, R. Scott (2017). «The dangerous dog debate». Վերցված է July 12, 2019-ին.
  38. ↑ 38,0 38,1 «A community approach to dog bite prevention» (PDF). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. June 1, 2001. էջեր 1731–1749. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից (PDF) February 6, 2009-ին. Վերցված է July 11, 2009-ին.
  39. ↑ «ASPCA Policy and Position Statements». Վերցված է July 12, 2019-ին.
  40. ↑ Baldwin, Steffen (2017). «The Lies, Damn Lies and Statistics Behind Dog Bites». Վերցված է July 12, 2019-ին.
  41. ↑ Davidson, Jacob (2013). «Obama Blasts Legislation Targeting Specific Dog Breeds». Time. Վերցված է July 12, 2019-ին.
  42. ↑ Sacks, Jeffrey J.; Sinclair, Leslie; Gilchrist, Julie (September 15, 2000). «Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998» (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից (PDF) November 16, 2015-ին.
  43. ↑ Patronek, Gary J., Sacks, Jeffrey J., Delise, Karen M., Cleary, Donald V., Marder, Amy R. (December 2013). «Co-occurrence of potentially preventable factors in 256 dog bite–related fatalities in the United States (2000–2009)». Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 243 (#12): 1726–1736. doi:10.2460/javma.243.12.1726. PMID 24299544.{{cite journal}}: CS1 սպաս․ բազմաթիվ անուններ: authors list (link)
  44. ↑ 44,0 44,1 D. Caroline Coile (April 18, 2011). Pit Bulls For Dummies. ISBN 9781118069370. Վերցված է March 31, 2013-ին.
  45. ↑ «Toledo v. Tellings, -REVERSED-, 2006-Ohio-975, ¶25» (PDF). Court of Appeals of Ohio, Sixth Appellate District. Վերցված է October 2, 2009-ին.
  46. ↑ «The Truth About Pit Bulls». American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. 2013. Վերցված է October 22, 2013-ին.
  47. ↑ 47,0 47,1 Clark, Ross D., DVM; Stainer, Joan R.; Haynes, H. David, DVM; Buckner, Ralph, DVM; Mosier, Jacob, DVM; Quinn, Art J., DVM, eds. (1983). Medical & Genetic Aspects of Purebred Dogs. Edwardsville, KS: Veterinary Medicine Publishing. էջ 27. ISBN 978-0-9641609-0-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 սպաս․ բազմաթիվ անուններ: editors list (link)
  48. ↑ «Breaking up a fight». Pit Bull Rescue Central. 2008. Վերցված է August 16, 2009-ին.
  49. ↑ Cherry, James (2014). Feigin and Cherry's textbook of pediatric infectious diseases – Animal and Human Bites, Morven S. Edwards. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4557-1177-2 – via the University of Pittsburgh.
  50. ↑ «Aurora May Lift Citywide Ban On Pit Bulls». cbslocal.com. February 3, 2014.
  51. ↑ Lexi Sutter. «Roeland Park City Council revisits pit bull ban, in place since the 1980s». KSHB. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից October 24, 2014-ին.
  52. ↑ «Worldwide failure of breed specific legislation» (PDF). National Canine Research Council. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից (PDF) July 15, 2014-ին.
  53. ↑ «Australian officials to kill pit bulls, other 'dangerous' breeds». vin.com.
  54. ↑ Pit Bulls being sold as Staffy crosses by the RSPCA, Australia. March 14, 2012 – via YouTube.
  55. ↑ «T&F Newsroom». taylorandfrancisgroup.com.
  56. ↑ «An Act to amend the Dog Owners' Liability Act to increase public safety in relation to dogs, including pit bulls, and to make related amendments to the Animals for Research Act». Government of Ontario, Canada. August 29, 2005. Վերցված է July 5, 2010-ին.
  57. ↑ [1] Արխիվացված Ապրիլ 9, 2012 Wayback Machine
  58. ↑ «Revised Municipal Code – City and County of Denver, Colorado». City of Denver, Colorado. May 19, 2009. Վերցված է July 5, 2010-ին.
  59. ↑ «List of Scheduled Dogs». Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore. November 15, 2010. Վերցված է February 20, 2018-ին.
  60. ↑ Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (March 2009). «Dangerous Dogs Law: Guidance for Enforcers» (PDF). Վերցված է May 20, 2011-ին.
  61. ↑ «Toledo v. Tellings, 114 Ohio St.3d 278, 2007-Ohio-3724» (PDF). Supreme Court of Ohio. Վերցված է June 29, 2009-ին.
  62. ↑ «Certeriorari – Summary Dispositions (Order List: 552 U.S.)» (PDF). United States Supreme Court. February 19, 2008. Վերցված է August 3, 2009-ին.
  63. ↑ «Cochrane v. Ontario (Attorney General), 2008 ONCA 718» (PDF). Ontario Court of Appeal. October 24, 2008. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից (PDF) September 4, 2015-ին. Վերցված է July 21, 2009-ին.
  64. ↑ «Who let the dogs out?». Center for Constitutional Studies, University of Alberta, Canada. June 12, 2009. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից June 14, 2011-ին. Վերցված է July 21, 2009-ին.
  65. ↑ ASPCA. «Pit Bull Bias in the Media». Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից March 16, 2013-ին.
  66. ↑ 66,0 66,1 «Dog Bite Liability». Insurance Information Institute. September 2009. Վերցված է September 24, 2009-ին.
  67. ↑ «Homeowners Insurance Available to Breeds Previously Excluded with CGC Certification». American Kennel Club. October 1, 2004. Վերցված է February 4, 2009-ին.
  68. ↑ Sodergren, Brian. «Insurance companies unfairly target specific dog breeds». Humane Society of the United States. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից July 7, 2009-ին. Վերցված է August 12, 2009-ին.
  69. ↑ Gephardt, Bill. Some dog breeds too risky for insurance companies. Արխիվացված Սեպտեմբեր 4, 2015 Wayback Machine KSL.com, May 8, 2013
  70. ↑ «Animals prohibited from traveling – Air France airline». Air France. Արխիվացված օրիգինալից July 26, 2018-ին. Վերցված է July 26, 2018-ին.
  71. ↑ «Traveling with pets». Alaska Airlines. Վերցված է August 12, 2009-ին.
  72. ↑ «Traveling with pets». American Airlines. Վերցված է January 29, 2011-ին.
  73. ↑ «Delta bans pit bulls as emotional support animals, citing dog attacks». Los Angeles Times. June 22, 2018. Վերցված է July 26, 2018-ին.
  74. ↑ «Updated PetSafe standards». United Airlines. July 26, 2018. Արխիվացված օրիգինալից June 18, 2018-ին.
  75. ↑ «Famous Women and Their Dogs: Billie Holiday and Mister». Urban Hounds. March 10, 2012. Վերցված է September 11, 2013-ին.
  76. ↑ «Famous People». All About Pit Bulls. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից January 22, 2012-ին. Վերցված է February 20, 2012-ին.
  77. ↑ «Buster Brown and Tige». Stubbydog – Rediscover The Pit Bull. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից January 18, 2012-ին. Վերցված է February 20, 2012-ին.
  78. ↑ «American Pit Bull Terrier ( APBT ) breed History». American Pit Bull Registry. Վերցված է February 20, 2012-ին.
  79. ↑ «The Pit Bull—American's Sweetheart». A Brief History of the American Pit Bull Terrier. Վերցված է February 20, 2012-ին.
  80. ↑ «Jack Brutus». Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից May 11, 2015-ին.
  81. ↑ «A Popular History of the Pit Bull in America». Adams Red White & Blue Kennels. Վերցված է February 20, 2012-ին.
  82. ↑ Green, Ranny (March 13, 1994). «Can Weela's Heroics Change Pitbull Image? Can Weela's Heroics Change Pitbull Image? Pit Bulls have been used for advertisement such as the case of Spuds McKenzie of the laste 80's Bud Light commercials». The Seattle Times. Վերցված է February 20, 2012-ին.
  83. ↑ «Kool K-9». PEOPLE.com. April 26, 1999.
  84. ↑ «Kool K-9 Popsicle retires». US Customs Today. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից October 24, 2011-ին. Վերցված է February 20, 2012-ին.
  85. ↑ «Inductee: Norton». Purina Animal Hall of Fame. Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից June 22, 2013-ին. Վերցված է February 20, 2012-ին.
  86. ↑ «Family Dog Takes Bullet to Save Family». News 9 Oklahoma. By Amy Lester, NEWS 9. Վերցված է February 20, 2012-ին.
  87. ↑ Dan Amira, "The Dog That Was Shot in the Head by the NYPD Yesterday Is Not Dead," New York Magazine, August 14, 2012
  88. ↑ «'Hero' pit bull Heads Home to Recover». Արխիվացված է օրիգինալից November 7, 2013-ին. Վերցված է November 7, 2013-ին.

Further reading

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