«Մասնակից:Սոնա Դանիելյան/Ավազարկղ»–ի խմբագրումների տարբերություն

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Նոր էջ «--~~~~== Հոդվածներ անգլերեն և ռուսերեն Վիքիպեդիաներում == ==== Թարգմանության ներկայացված հոդվածներ ըս...»:
 
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Տող 1.
'''Renewable Natural Gas (RNG)''', also known as '''Sustainable Natural Gas (SNG)''' or '''biomethane''', is a [[biogas]] which has been upgraded to a quality similar to [[fossil fuel|fossil]] [[natural gas]] and having a methane concentration of 90% or greater.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Al Mamun|first=Muhammad Rashed|last2=Torii|first2=Shuichi|date=2017|title=Enhancement of Methane Concentration by Removing Contaminants from Biogas Mixtures Using Combined Method of Absorption and Adsorption|journal=International Journal of Chemical Engineering|language=en|volume=2017|pages=1–9|doi=10.1155/2017/7906859|issn=1687-806X|doi-access=free}}</ref> By upgrading the quality of methane-based biogas to that of natural gas, it becomes possible to distribute the gas to customers via the existing [[Pipeline transport|gas grid]] within existing appliances. Renewable natural gas is a subset of synthetic natural gas or [[substitute natural gas]] (SNG).
--[[Մասնակից:Սոնա Դանիելյան|Սոնա Դանիելյան]] ([[Մասնակցի քննարկում:Սոնա Դանիելյան|քննարկում]]) 13:05, 5 Մարտի 2021 (UTC)== Հոդվածներ անգլերեն և ռուսերեն Վիքիպեդիաներում ==
==== Թարգմանության ներկայացված հոդվածներ ըստ կարևորության առաջնայնության ====
{{classicon|A}} - Նախագծի համար կարևոր հոդված, {{classicon|B}} - երկրորդական հետաքրքրություն ներկայացնող հոդված
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Exelon Pavilions]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Geothermal energy]] - [[:ru:Геотермальная энергетика]]--[[Մասնակից:Մեսրոպյան Ազատուհի|Մեսրոպյան Ազատուհի]] ([[Մասնակցի քննարկում:Մեսրոպյան Ազատուհի|քննարկում]]) 15:14, 4 Մարտի 2021 (UTC)
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Photovoltaic power station]] - [[:ru:Солнечная электростанция]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Renewable energy commercialization]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Solar energy]] - [[:ru:Солнечная энергия]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Solar power]] - [[:ru:Солнечная энергетика]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Sustainable biofuel]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Wind power]] - [[:ru:Ветроэнергетика]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Anaerobic digestion]] - [[:ru:Метановое брожение]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Photovoltaic array]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Renewable energy in Australia]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Three Gorges Dam]] - [[:ru:Три ущелья (электростанция)]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Renewable energy industry]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Solar cell]] - [[:ru:Фотоэлемент]]--[[Մասնակից:ԴԱՍ88|ԴԱՍ88]] ([[Մասնակցի քննարկում:ԴԱՍ88|քննարկում]]) 06:55, 5 Մարտի 2021 (UTC)
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Windmill]] - [[:ru:Ветряная мельница]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Renewable energy]] - [[:ru:Возобновляемая энергия]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Portal:Renewable energy]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:100% renewable energy]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:519 East 11th Street]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Aditya (boat)]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Carbon neutrality]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Carbon offset]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Cogeneration]] - [[:ru:Когенерация]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Continuous refreshing liquid battery]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Copper in renewable energy]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Deep water source cooling]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Energy in Common]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Energy park]] Yelena--[[Մասնակից:Ելենա Ամիրյան|Ելենա Ամիրյան]] ([[Մասնակցի քննարկում:Ելենա Ամիրյան|քննարկում]]) 07:17, 3 Մարտի 2021 (UTC)
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Energy storage]] - [[:ru:Накопление энергии]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Carbon fee and dividend]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Global Solar Atlas]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Global Wind Atlas]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Gristmill]] - [[:ru:Мукомольная мельница]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Gussing Renewable Energy]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Home energy upgrades from public utilities]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Micro combined heat and power]] - [[:ru:Комбинированные микроисточники тепловой и электрической энергии]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Microbial fuel cell]] - [[:ru:Микробные топливные элементы]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:National Solar Conference and World Renewable Energy Forum 2012]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Passive solar building design]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Power-to-heat]]--[[Մասնակից:Անի Ստեփանյանն|Անի Ստեփանյանն]] ([[Մասնակցի քննարկում:Անի Ստեփանյանն|քննարկում]]) 11:29, 4 Մարտի 2021 (UTC)
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Process heat]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Programme for Economic Advancement and Community Empowerment]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Renewable energy and mining]] - [[:ru:Горное дело]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Renewable Energy Certificate (United States)]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Renewable energy debate]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Renewable energy sculpture]] - [[:ru:Скульптура возобновляемой энергии]] --[[User:Beko|<font face="Helvetica="black">'''Բեքո'''</font>]][[User talk:Beko|<sup><span style="color:blue;cursor:help">Քննարկում</span></sup>]] 15:58, 2 Մարտի 2021 (UTC)
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Renewable natural gas]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Small hydro]] - [[:ru:Малая гидроэлектростанция]]--[[Մասնակից:Vardanyan Anahit|Vardanyan Anahit]] ([[Մասնակցի քննարկում:Vardanyan Anahit|քննարկում]]) 15:10, 3 Մարտի 2021 (UTC)
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Soiling (solar energy)]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Solar air conditioning]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Solar cooker]] - [[:ru:Солнечная печь (кулинария)]]--[[Մասնակից:Manushak Gevorgyan|Manushak Gevorgyan]] ([[Մասնակցի քննարկում:Manushak Gevorgyan|քննարկում]]) 16:21, 4 Մարտի 2021 (UTC)
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Solar power by country]] Yelena--[[Մասնակից:Ելենա Ամիրյան|Ելենա Ամիրյան]] ([[Մասնակցի քննարկում:Ելենա Ամիրյան|քննարկում]]) 12:02, 5 Մարտի 2021 (UTC)
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Solar power in Armenia]] --[[Մասնակից:Irina Chukhajyan|Irina Chukhajyan]] ([[Մասնակցի քննարկում:Irina Chukhajyan|քննարկում]]) 20:02, 4 մարտի 2021 (UTC)
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Solar thermal collector]] - [[:ru:Солнечный коллектор]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Solar thermal energy]] - [[:ru:Гелиотермальная энергетика]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Sustainable Development Goal 7]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Thermal energy storage]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:The Third Industrial Revolution]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Tidal power]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Renewable energy transition]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Variable renewable energy]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Village Homes]]--[[Մասնակից:Շօօշան|Շօօշան]] ([[Մասնակցի քննարկում:Շօօշան|քննարկում]]) 15:26, 4 Մարտի 2021 (UTC)
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Waste heat recovery unit]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Waves4Power]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Algae fuel]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Alternative Energy Institute]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Alternative Energy Promotion Centre]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Beyond Coal]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Biogas]] - [[:ru:Биогаз]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Biomass]] - [[:ru:Биомасса]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Alternative fuel]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Geothermal energy in Italy]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Geothermal power]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Hydrogenics]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Low-carbon power]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:PACE financing]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:List of energy resources]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Seaweed fuel]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Solar water heating]]
* {{classicon|A}} [[:en:Vehicle-to-grid]] - [[:ru:Vehicle-to-grid]]
* {{classicon|B}} [[:en:Biomass Energy Centre]]
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Multiple ways of methanising carbon dioxide/monoxide and hydrogen exist, including [[biomethanation]], the [[sabatier process]] and a new electrochemical process pioneered in the United States currently undergoing trials.<ref>{{cite press release|title=SoCalGas and Opus 12 Successfully Demonstrate Technology That Simplifies Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Storable Renewable Energy|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/socalgas-and-opus-12-successfully-demonstrate-technology-that-simplifies-conversion-of-carbon-dioxide-into-storable-renewable-energy-300633313.html|website=prnewswire.com|publisher=PR Newswire|access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref>
=== Այլ հոդվածներ ===
* [[:en:The Clean Tech Revolution]]
* [[:en:Ethanol fuel in Brazil]]
* [[:en:Flexible-fuel vehicle]] - [[:ru:Flex-Fuel]]
* [[:en:History of ethanol fuel in Brazil]]
* [[:en:Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system]]
* [[:en:Renewable energy in Iceland]]
* [[:en:Renewable energy in Russia]] - [[:ru:Возобновляемая энергетика России]]
* [[:en:Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert]]
* [[:en:Wind power in South Australia]]
* [[:en:Croton Dam (Michigan)]]
* [[:en:New Waddell Dam]]
* [[:en:O'Shaughnessy Dam (California)]]
* [[:en:Pensacola Dam]]
* [[:en:Salmon Creek Dam]]
* [[:en:Spring Creek Dam]]
* [[:en:Tabqa Dam]] - [[:ru:Плотина Табка]]
* [[:en:Bioenergy Europe]]
* [[:en:Biomass briquettes]] - [[:ru:Топливные брикеты]]
* [[:en:Agency for Renewable Resources]]
* [[:en:Army Energy Initiatives Task Force]]
* [[:en:Biomimetics]] - [[:ru:Биомиметика]]
* [[:en:China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation]] - [[:ru:China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation]]
* [[:en:Community Choice Aggregation]]
* [[:en:Copper indium gallium selenide]] - [[:ru:Селенид меди-индия-галлия]]
* [[:en:Crosswind kite power]]
* [[:en:Glidden Doman]]
* [[:en:Drakoo wave energy converter]]
* [[:en:E-diesel]]
* [[:en:E-gasoline]]
* [[:en:Energy forecasting]]
* [[:en:Energy hierarchy]]
* [[:en:The Fourth Revolution: Energy]]
* [[:en:Andrew Garrad]]
* [[:en:GREEN Cell Shipping]]
* [[:en:Green Illusions]]
* [[:en:Grid balancing]]
* [[:en:Güssing]] - [[:ru:Гюссинг]]
* [[:en:Home Power]]
* [[:en:Human power]]
* [[:en:Renewable Energy (journal)]]
* [[:en:Kitepower]]
* [[:en:Landfill gas utilization]]
* [[:en:Local flexibility markets]]
* [[:en:Market transformation]]
* [[:en:State Agency on Alternative and Renewable Energy Sources (Azerbaijan)]] - [[:ru:Государственное агентство по альтернативным и возобновляемым источникам энергии Азербайджана]]
* [[:en:Mission Innovation]]
* [[:en:National Clean Energy Business Plan Competition]]
* [[:en:Nigeria Renewable Energy Master Plan]]
* [[:en:Novar Wind Farm]]
* [[:en:Off-the-grid]]
* [[:en:Punjab Renewable Energy Systems Pvt. Ltd.]]
* [[:en:Ravina Project Toronto]]
* [[:en:RETScreen]] - [[:ru:RETScreen]]
* [[:en:Seasonal thermal energy storage]]
* [[:en:Sludge incineration]]
* [[:en:Tehachapi Energy Storage Project]]
* [[:en:Tethys (database)]]
* [[:en:United Nations Framework Classification for Resources]]
* [[:en:Wildpoldsried]] - [[:ru:Вильдпольдсрид]]
* [[:en:Co-processing]]
* [[:en:John Eckland]]
* [[:en:Electro-kinetic road ramp]]
* [[:en:Energy tower (downdraft)]] - [[:ru:Энергетическая башня]]
* [[:en:Floating solar]]
* [[:en:Forward osmosis]] - [[:ru:Прямой осмос]]
* [[:en:Fusion power]] - [[:ru:Управляемый термоядерный синтез]]
* [[:en:Infinite Energy (magazine)]]
* [[:en:ISFuel]]
* [[:en:Joule Unlimited]]
* [[:en:Liquid nitrogen engine]] - [[:ru:Транспортные средства на жидком азоте]] [[Մասնակից:LilitMir|LilitMir]] ([[Մասնակցի քննարկում:LilitMir|քննարկում]]) 06:06, 5 Մարտի 2021 (UTC)
* [[:en:Lithium economy]]
* [[:en:Lockheed Martin Compact Fusion Reactor]] - [[:ru:Термоядерный реактор Lockheed Martin]]
* [[:en:Lolland Hydrogen Community]]
* [[:en:Manu'a Project]]
* [[:en:Open Fuel Standard Coalition]]
* [[:en:Osmotic power]] - [[:ru:Осмотическая электростанция]]
* [[:en:Pacesetters]]
* [[:en:PlusEnergy]] - [[:ru:Активный дом]]--[[Մասնակից:Vardanyan Anahit|Vardanyan Anahit]] ([[Մասնակցի քննարկում:Vardanyan Anahit|քննարկում]]) 14:28, 3 Մարտի 2021 (UTC)
* [[:en:Pressure-retarded osmosis]]
* [[:en:Public schemes for energy efficient refurbishment]]
* [[:en:Reversed electrodialysis]]
* [[:en:Soccket]] - [[:ru:SOCCKET]]
* [[:en:Soil salinity]]
* [[:en:Solar Shade Control Act]]
* [[:en:Solar updraft tower]]
* [[:en:Statkraft osmotic power prototype in Hurum]]
* [[:en:Vortex engine]]
* [[:en:List of pseudoscientific water fuel inventions]]
* [[:en:World Alliance for Decentralized Energy]]
* [[:en:Xyleco]]
 
==Advantages==
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Renewable natural gas can be produced and distributed via the existing gas grid, making it an attractive means of supplying existing premises with [[renewable heat]] and renewable gas energy, while requiring no extra capital outlay of the customer. The existing gas network also allows distribution of gas energy over vast distances at a minimal cost in energy. Existing networks would allow biogas to be sourced from remote markets that are rich in low-cost biomass (Russia or Scandinavia for example). Renewable natural gas can also be converted into [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG) for direct use as fuel in transport sector.
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'''[[Վիքինախագիծ:Էներգաարդյունավետությանը և վերականգնվող էներգիային նվիրված խմբագրաթոն|Մրցույթի մասին]]'''
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'''[[Վիքինախագիծ:Էներգաարդյունավետությանը և վերականգնվող էներգիային նվիրված խմբագրաթոն/Առաջարկվող հոդվածներ|Առաջարկվող հոդվածներ]]'''
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The [[UK National Grid]] believes that at least 15% of all gas consumed could be made from matter such as sewage, food waste such as food thrown away by supermarkets and restaurants and organic waste created by businesses such as breweries.<ref>The Guardian [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/nov/22/food-waste-green-biogas-tariff 'Food waste to provide green gas for carbon-conscious consumers']</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2020}} In the United States, analysis conducted in 2011 by the Gas Technology Institute determined that renewable gas from waste biomass including agricultural waste has the potential to add up to 2.5 quadrillion Btu annually, being enough to meet the natural gas needs of 50% of American homes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Natural Gas Can Come From Renewable Sources|url=https://www.socalgas.com/smart-energy/benefits-of-natural-gas/renewable|website=www.socalgas.com|publisher=Sempre Energy|access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Minter|first1=George|title=SoCalGas's Minter on Renewable Natural Gas as a Foundational Fuel|url=https://www.planningreport.com/2017/10/25/socalgas-minter-renewable-natural-gas-foundational-fuel|website=www.planningreport.com|publisher=David Abel|access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref>
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'''[[Վիքինախագիծ:Էներգաարդյունավետությանը և վերականգնվող էներգիային նվիրված խմբագրաթոն/Մասնակիցներ|Մասնակիցներ]]'''
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__NOTOC__
 
In combination with [[power-to-gas]], whereby the carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide fraction of biogas are converted to methane using electrolyzed [[hydrogen]], the renewable gas potential of raw biogas is approximately doubled.
 
==Production==
[[Կատեգորիա:ՎիքիՆախագծեր]]
A biomass to RNG efficiency of 70% can be achieved during the production process.<ref>Cornerstone environmental group, LLC [http://www.mrec.org/MREC2009/09%20MREC%20Torresani%20Pipeline%20BioGas.pdf 'Biomethane / Natural Gas Interconnection Opportunities']</ref><ref>Kachan & Co. [http://www.kachan.com/research/bng-bio-natural-gas-report 'The Bio Natural Gas Opportunity']</ref> Costs are minimised by maximising production scale and by locating an anaerobic digestion plant next to transport links (e.g. a port or river) for the chosen source of biomass. The existing gas storage infrastructure would allow the plant to continue to manufacture gas at the full utilisation rate even during periods of weak demand, helping minimise manufacturing capital costs per unit of gas produced.<ref>Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands [http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2005/rx05187.pdf 'Heat from Biomass via Synthetic Natural Gas']</ref>
 
Renewable gas can be produced through three main processes:
* Anaerobic digestion of organic (normally moist) material, otherwise known as biomethanation
* Production through the [[Sabatier reaction]]. With the Sabatier reaction, the gas from primary production has to be upgraded with a secondary step in order to produce gas that is suitable for injection into the gas grid.<ref>Danish Gas Technology Centre [http://www.dgc.dk/publikationer/konference/jkj_sustain_gas.pdf 'Sustainable Gas Enters the European Gas Distribution System']</ref>
* Thermal [[gasification]] of organic (normally dry) material
 
==Commercial development==
===BioSNG===
Göteborg Energi opened the first demonstration plant for large scale production of bio-SNG through gasification of forest residues in [[Gothenburg]], Sweden within the [[GoBiGas]] project. The plant had the capacity to produce 20 megawatts-worth of bioSNG from about 30 MW-worth of biomass, aiming at a conversion efficiency of 65%. From December 2014 the bioSNG plant was fully operational and supplied gas to the Swedish natural gas grid, reaching the quality demands with a methane content of over 95%.<ref>{{Cite web|title = GoBiGas|url = https://gobigas.goteborgenergi.se/English_version/About_GoBiGas|website = www.gobigas.goteborgenergi.se|access-date = 10 November 2017}}</ref> The plant was permanently closed due to economic problems in April 2018. Göteborg Energi had invested 175 million euro in the plant and intensive attempts for a year to sell the plant to new investors had failed.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Investerade nästan två miljarder i Gobigas – nu läggs projektet ner|url = https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/vast/investerade-nastan-tva-miljarder-i-biogasanlaggning-nu-laggs-projektet-ner|website = www.svt.se|access-date = 25 April 2018}}</ref>
 
It can be noted that the plant was a technical success, and performed as intended.<ref>{{cite web|title=Professor: "The Gobigas Project A Technical Success"|url=https://www.di.se/hallbart-naringsliv/biogasflopp-i-goteborg-ger-miljardsmall-for-skattebetalarna/|website= di.se|access-date=2 May 2018}}</ref> However, natural gas is at a very low price given market conditions globally. It is expected the plant is to re-emerge around 2030 when economic conditions may be more favourable, with the possibility of a higher carbon price.<ref>{{cite web|last1=LUNDIN|first1=KIM|title=Biogasflow in Gothenburg provides the taxpayer with an environmental standard|url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/vast/gobigas-projektet-en-succe|website=www.svt.se|access-date=2 May 2018}}</ref>
 
SNG is of particular interest in countries with extensive natural gas distribution networks. Core advantages of SNG include compatibility with existing natural gas infrastructure, higher efficiency that Fisher-Tropsch fuels production and smaller-production scale than other second generation biofuel production systems.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Åhman |first=Max |title=Biomethane in the transport sector—An appraisal of the forgotten option |journal=Energy Policy |year=2010 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=208–217 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.007}}</ref> The Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands has conducted extensive research on large-scale SNG production from woody biomass, based on the importation of feedstocks from abroad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biosng.com/synthetic-natural-gas/ |title=BioSNG: Synthetic Natural Gas |access-date=27 December 2012}}</ref>
 
Renewable natural gas plants based on wood can be categorised into two main categories, one being allothermal, which has the energy provided by a source outside of the gasifier. One example is the double-chambered fluidised bed gasifiers consisting of a separate combustion and gasification chambers. Autothermal systems generate the heat within the gasifier, but require the use of pure oxygen to avoid nitrogen dilution.<ref>{{cite book |last=Van der Meijden |first=C.M. |title=Development of the MILENA gasification technology for the production of Bio-SNG |year=2010 |publisher=ECN |location=Petten, Netherlands |url=http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2010/b10016.pdf |access-date=21 October 2012}}</ref>
 
In the UK, [[NNFCC]] found that any UK bioSNG plant built by 2020 would be highly likely to use ‘clean woody feedstocks' and that there are several regions with good availability of that source.<ref>[http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/tools/potential-for-biosng-production-in-the-uk-nnfcc-10-008 'Potential for BioSNG Production in the UK, NNFCC 10-008']</ref><ref>New Energy Focus [http://www.newenergyfocus.com/do/ecco/view_item?listid=1&listcatid=32&listitemid=4152 'BioSNG could be economically attractive for renewable heat']</ref>
 
===Upgraded biogas===
In the UK, using [[anaerobic digestion]] is growing as a means of producing renewable [[biogas]], with nearly 90 biomethane injection sites built across the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=AD map - biomethane plants |url=http://adbioresources.org/map |website=ADBA |publisher=The Anaerobic Digestion & Bioresources Association |access-date=12 June 2018}}</ref> Ecotricity announced plans to supply green gas to UK consumers via the national grid.<ref>The Guardian [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/nov/22/food-waste-green-biogas-tariff 'Food waste to provide green gas for carbon-conscious consumers']</ref> Centrica also announced that it would begin injecting gas, manufactured from sewage, into the gas grid.<ref>The Guardian [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/oct/05/human-waste-turned-renewable-gas 'Human waste turned into renewable gas to power homes']</ref> In Canada, FortisBC, a gas provider in British Columbia, injects renewably created natural gas into its existing gas distribution system.<ref>Kachan & Co.[http://www.prweb.com/releases/2011/5/prweb8377459.htm 'New Bio Natural Gas May Assist In Adding Solar and Wind to Utility Renewable Power Generation, Study Finds']</ref>
 
===Sustainable synthetic natural gas===
Sustainable SNG is produced by high temperature oxygen blown slagging co-gasification at 70 to 75 bar pressure of biomass or waste residue. The advantage of a wide range of feedstocks is that much larger quantities of renewable SNG can be produced compared with biogas, with fewer supply chain limitations. A wide range of fuels with an overall biogenic carbon content of 50 to 55% is technically and financially viable. Hydrogen is added to the fuel mix during the gasification process, and carbon dioxide is removed by capture from the purge gas "slip stream" [[syngas]] clean-up and catalytic methanation stages.
 
Large scale sustainable SNG will enable the UK gas and electricity grids to be substantially de-carbonised in parallel at source, while maintaining the existing operational and economic relationship between the gas and electricity grids. Carbon capture and sequestration can be added at little additional cost, thereby progressively achieving deeper de-carbonisation of the existing gas and electricity grids at low cost and operational risk. Cost benefit studies indicate that large scale 50% biogenic carbon content sustainable SNG can be injected into the high pressure gas transmission grid at a cost of around 65p/therm. At this cost, it is possible to re-process fossil natural gas, used as an energy input into the gasification process, into 5 to 10 times greater quantity of sustainable SNG. Large scale sustainable SNG, combined with continuing natural gas production from UK continental shelf and unconventional gas, will potentially enable the cost of UK peak electricity to be de-coupled from international oil denominated 'take or pay' gas supply contracts.
 
Applications:
* Electricity generation
* Space heating
* Process heating
* [[Biomass with carbon capture and storage]]
* Transportation fuel
 
==Environmental concerns==
Biogas creates similar [[environmental pollutants]] as ordinary natural gas fuel, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrogen sulfide and particulates. Any unburned gas that escapes contains methane, a long lived greenhouse gas. The key difference from fossil natural gas is that it is often considered partly or fully [[carbon neutral]],{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}} since the carbon dioxide contained in the biomass is naturally renewed in each generation of plants, rather than being released from fossil stores and increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide.
 
==See also==
 
{{Portal|Energy|Renewable energy}}
* [[Anaerobic digestion]]
* [[Biofuel]]
* [[Biogas]]
* [[Carbon-neutral fuel]]
* [[Issues relating to biofuels]]
* [[Landfill gas utilization]]
* [[Power-to-gas]]
* [[Renewable energy]]
* [[Sustainable energy]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
==External links==
* [https://arena.gov.au/blog/renewable-methane-southwest-queensland/ "Renewable carbon neutral methane to be produced in south-west Queensland" ARENA accessed 6 December 2020]
* National Grid U.S. - Vision for a Sustainable Gas Network [http://www.nationalgridus.com/non_html/NG_renewable_WP.pdf]
* American Gas Foundation Study: The Potential for Renewable Gas [http://www.aga.org/our-issues/renewable-gas/Pages/default.aspx]
* [http://www.sgc.se/rapporter/display.asp?ID=1182 SGC Rapport 187 Substitute natural gas from biomass gasification]
* [http://www.sgc.se/Rapporter/Resources/seminar_screen.pdf SGC Rapport on gasification and methanation]
* http://www.eee-info.net/cms/netautor/napro4/wrapper/media.php?
* Production of Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) from Biomass- From Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
* ECN SNG Website [http://www.biosng.com/fileadmin/biosng/user/documents/reports/e06018.pdf]
* [http://www.biosng.com/synthetic-natural-gas/id=%2C%2C%2C%2CZmlsZW5hbWU9YXJjaGl2ZSUzRCUyRjIwMDkuMDIuMTMlMkYxMjM0NTE1MDMxLnBkZiZybj1lbmdsJTIwU05HJTIwVGVjaG5vbG9neS5wZGY%3D SNG Platform in Güssing]
* [http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/Gas/SustainableGasGroup/ National Grid/UK Sustainable Gas Group]