«Մասնակից:Մարի Ավետիսյան/ԱվազարկղԱ»–ի խմբագրումների տարբերություն
Content deleted Content added
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
Տող 12.
===1980-ական թվականներ===
Հեզբոլլահը ծագել է հարավային Լիբանանում հակառակորդ Ամալ շարժման դեմ շիա աշխարհազորայինների կոնսոլիդացիայի ժամանակ։ Հեզբոլլահը կարևոր դեր է խաղացել Լիբանանի քաղաքացիական պատերազմի ժամանակ՝ 1982-1983 թվականներին պայքարելով ամերիկյան ուժերի դեմ, իսկ 1985-1988 թվականների Ճամբարների պատերազմի ժամանակ պայքարելով Ամալի և Սիրիայի դեմ։ Սակայն Հեզբոլլահի հիմնական նպատակն էր վերջ դնել Իսրայելի օկուպացիային, որը 1982 թվականին գրավել էր հարավային Լիբանանը և պաշարել Բեյրութը։
'''Hezbollah''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|ɛ|z|b|ə|ˈ|l|ɑː}};<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Hezbollah|title=The Collins English Dictionary|chapter-url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hezbollah|accessdate=7 May 2013|year=2013|publisher=HarperCollins|location=Glasgow}}<br/>{{cite book |chapter=Hezbollah |title=Webster's New World College Dictionary|chapter-url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/hezbollah|accessdate=7 May 2013|year=2012|publisher=Wiley Publishing, Inc.|location=Cleveland}}</ref> {{lang-ar|حزب الله}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Ḥizbu 'llāh}}'', literally "Party of Allah" or "Party of God", also [[Romanization of Arabic|transliterated]] '''Hizbullah''' or '''Hizballah''', among others)<ref>Other [[Romanization of Arabic|transliterations]] include ''Hizbollah'', ''Hezbolla'', ''Hezballah'', ''Hisbollah'', ''Hizbu'llah'' and ''Hizb [[Allah]]''.</ref> is a [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Islamist]] political party and [[militant]] group based in [[Lebanon]].<ref name="HG20Ak02">{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html |title=Hezbollah's transformation |first=Dahr |last=Jamail |work=Asia Times |date=20 July 2006 |accessdate=23 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="CFR">{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/hezbollah.html?breadcrumb=%2F |title=Hezbollah (a.k.a. Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah) |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |date=13 September 2008 |accessdate=15 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913091527/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/hezbollah.html?breadcrumb=%2F |archivedate=13 September 2008}}</ref> Hezbollah's [[paramilitary]] wing is the Jihad Council,<ref name="LevittP15">{{cite book |last=Levitt |first=Matthew |authorlink=Matthew Levitt |year=2013 |title=Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTJeAQAAQBAJ&q=jihad+council+hezbollah&pg=PA14 |quote=... the Jihad Council coordinates 'resistance activity'. |isbn=9781849043335}}<br/>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/May-15/256484-hezbollah-cutting-costs-as-iranian-aid-dries-up.ashx |title=Hezbollah cutting costs as Iranian aid dries up |first=Antoine |last=Ghattas Saab |work=The Daily Star |quote=... Hezbollah's military wing ... Known as the 'Jihad Council' |date=15 May 2014 |accessdate=1 June 2014}}</ref> and its political wing is the [[Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc]] party in the [[Parliament of Lebanon|Lebanese parliament]]. Since the death of [[Abbas al-Musawi]] in 1992, the group has been headed by [[Hassan Nasrallah]], its [[Secretary-General of Hezbollah|Secretary-General]]. Either the entire organization or just its military wing has been designated a [[terrorist organization]] by at least 21 countries, by the [[European Union]] and since 2017 by most member states of the [[Arab League]], with the exception of Iraq and Lebanon, where Hezbollah is the most powerful political party.<ref name=Wedeman/> Hezbollah maintains that it is a legitimate [[resistance movement]] fighting for the liberation of Lebanese territory.
After the [[1982 Lebanon War|Israeli invasion of Lebanon]] in 1982, the idea of Hezbollah arose among Lebanese clerics who had studied in [[Najaf]], and who adopted the model set out by [[Ayatollah Khomeini]] after the [[Iranian Revolution]] in 1979. The organization was established as part of an Iranian effort, through funding and the dispatch of a core group of [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (pasdaran) instructors, to aggregate a variety of Lebanese Shia groups into a unified organization to resist the [[Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon|Israeli occupation]]<ref>Dominique Avon, Anaïs-Trissa Khatchadourian, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jOZ3Aqf6BzoC&pg=PT22 ''Hezbollah: A History of the "Party of God",''] [[Harvard University Press]], 2012 {{ISBN|978-0-674-07031-8}} pp.21ff.</ref><ref>E. Azani, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FSpaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 ''Hezbollah: The Story of the Party of God: From Revolution to Institutionalization,''] Springer, 2011 {{isbn|978-0-230-11629-0}}pp.59-63 </ref><ref name="bbc-hi-me">{{cite news |title=Who Are Hezbollah? |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4314423.stm |date=21 May 2008 |accessdate=15 August 2008}}</ref> and improve the standing and status of the long marginalised and underrepresented [[Lebanese Shia Muslims|Shia community]] in that country.<ref>Mariam Farida, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5rqmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13 ''Religion and Hezbollah: Political Ideology and Legitimacy,''] Routledge, 2019 {{isbn|978-1-000-45857-2}} pp.1-3.</ref> A contingent of 1,500 pasdaran instructors arrived after the [[Council of Ministers (Syria)|Syrian government]], which [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon|occupied Lebanon's eastern highlands]], permitted their transit to a base in the Bekaa valley.<ref name="nybooks">{{cite journal |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17060 |title=In Search of Hezbollah |author=Adam Shatz |journal=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=29 April 2004 |accessdate=14 August 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822195222/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17060 |archivedate=22 August 2006}}</ref>
During the [[Lebanese Civil War]], Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto listed its objectives as the expulsion of "the Americans, the French and their allies definitely from Lebanon, putting an end to any colonialist entity on our land", the submission of the Christian [[Kataeb Party|Phalangists]] to "just power", bringing them to justice "for the crimes they have perpetrated against Muslims and Christians", and permitting "all the sons of our people" to choose the form of government they want, while calling on them to "pick the option of Islamic government".<ref name="The Hizballah Program">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVJR9UZnTVAC&pg=PA425|title=Israel in the Middle East|publisher=UPNE|author=Itamar Rabinovich|accessdate=18 November 2010|isbn=9780874519624|year=2008}}</ref> Hezbollah organised volunteers who fought for the [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] during the [[Bosnian War]].<ref name=Fisk>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/after-the-atrocities-committed-against-muslims-in-bosnia-it-is-no-wonder-today-s-jihadis-have-set-9717384.html|title=After the atrocities committed against Muslims in Bosnia, it is no wonder today's jihadis have set out on the path to war in Syria|first=Robert|last=Fisk|work=The Independent|date=7 September 2014|accessdate=25 March 2016}}</ref> From 1985 to 2000, Hezbollah participated in the [[South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)|South Lebanon conflict]] against the [[South Lebanon Army]] (SLA) and [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF), which finally led to the rout of the SLA and the retreat of the IDF from South Lebanon in 2000. Hezbollah and the IDF fought each other again in the [[2006 Lebanon War]].
Its military strength has grown so significantly since 2006<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/un-hezbollah-has-increased-military-strength-since-2006-war-1.231869|title=UN: Hezbollah has increased military strength since 2006 war|newspaper=Haaretz|date=25 October 2007|accessdate=5 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="met">{{cite news|first=Mel|last=Frykberg|title=Mideast Powers, Proxies and Paymasters Bluster and Rearm|url=http://injesus.com/message-archives/prophetic/prophecyupdate/prophecy-update-israel-reaches|work=[[Middle East Times]]|date=29 August 2008|accessdate=31 May 2011|quote=And if there is one thing that ideologically and diametrically opposed Hezbollah and Israel agree on, it is Hezbollah's growing military strength.}}</ref> that its paramilitary wing is considered more powerful than the [[Lebanese Army]].<ref name="NYT05202013">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/21/world/middleeast/syria-developments.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=Hezbollah's Role in Syria War Shakes the Lebanese|first=Anne|last=Barnard|newspaper=New York Times|quote=Hezbollah, stronger than the Lebanese Army, has the power to drag the country into war without a government decision, as in 2006, when it set off the war by capturing two Israeli soldiers|date=20 May 2013|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="washpost2013">{{cite news|url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-06-12/world/39922185_1_aleppo-war-soccer-stadium|title=For Lebanon's Sunnis, growing rage at Hezbollah over role in Syria|first=Loveday|last=Morris|work=Washington Post|quote=... Hezbollah, which has a fighting force generally considered more powerful than the Lebanese army.|date=12 June 2013|accessdate=20 June 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105065531/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-06-12/world/39922185_1_aleppo-war-soccer-stadium|archivedate=5 November 2013}}</ref> Hezbollah has been described as a "[[state within a state]]"<ref>{{cite news|title=Iran-Syria vs. Israel, Round 1: Assessments & Lessons Learned|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/iransyria-vs-israel-round-1-assessments-lessons-learned-02558/#more-2558|newspaper=Defense Industry Daily|date=13 September 2013|accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref> and has grown into an organization with seats in the [[Lebanese government]], [[Al-Nour|a radio]] and [[Al-Manar|a satellite TV station]], [[Hezbollah social services|social services]] and large-scale military deployment of fighters beyond Lebanon's borders.<ref name="NYT2014"/><ref name="deeb-hzb-a-primer">{{cite web|title=Hizballah: A Primer|last=Deeb|first=Lara|date=31 July 2006|publisher=Middle East Report|url=http://www.merip.org/mero/mero073106|accessdate=31 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019062730/http://merip.org/mero/mero073106|archive-date=19 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/hezbollah-operative-wanted-by-fbi-dies-in-fighting-in-syria/2014/05/28/be2d27fe-e69a-11e3-8f90-73e071f3d637_story.html |title=Hezbollah operative wanted by FBI dies in fighting in Syria|first=Adam |last=Goldman |work=Washington Post|quote="... Hasan Nasrallah has called the deployment of his fighters to Syria a 'new phase' for the movement, and it marks the first time the group has sent significant numbers of men outside Lebanon's borders." |date=28 May 2014|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref> Hezbollah is part of Lebanon's [[March 8 Alliance]], in opposition to the [[March 14 Alliance]]. It maintains strong support among [[Lebanese Shia Muslims]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4329201.stm |title=Huge Beirut protest backs Syria|work=BBC News|date=8 March 2005|accessdate=7 February 2007}}</ref> while [[Lebanese Sunni Muslims|Sunnis]] have disagreed with its agenda.<ref>[http://gulfnews.com/news/region/lebanon/hariri-sunnis-refuse-to-join-hezbollah-al-qaida-war-1.1282059 "Hariri: Sunnis 'refuse' to join Hezbollah-Al Qaida war"]. [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]], 25 January 2014.</ref>{{sfn|Blanford|Salim|2013}} Hezbollah also has support in some [[Christianity in Lebanon|Christian areas of Lebanon]].{{sfn|Zirulnick|2012}} It receives military training, weapons, and financial support from Iran and political support from Syria.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Filkins|first=Dexter|title=The Shadow Commander|journal=The New Yorker|date=30 September 2013|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2013/09/30/130930fa_fact_filkins?currentPage=all|accessdate=4 October 2013|quote=From 2000 to 2006, Iran contributed a hundred million dollars a year to Hezbollah. Its fighters are attractive proxies: unlike the Iranians, they speak Arabic, making them better equipped to operate in Syria and elsewhere in the Arab world.}}</ref>
Since 1990, Hezbollah has participated in Lebanese politics, in a process which is described as the Lebanonisation of Hezbollah, and it later participated in the [[Politics of Lebanon|governemnt of Lebanon]] and joined political alliances. After the [[2006–08 Lebanese protests]]<ref name="Ghattas">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6200804.stm|title=Political ferment in Lebanon|first=Kim|last=Ghattas|work=BBC News |date=1 December 2006|accessdate=15 August 2008}}</ref> and [[2008 conflict in Lebanon|clashes]],<ref name="Haaretz1">{{cite web|last2=Issacharoff|first2=Avi|last1=Stern|first1=Yoav|title=Hezbollah fighters retreat from Beirut after 37 die in clashes|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/981696.html|work=[[Haaretz]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512082543/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/981696.html|archivedate=12 May 2008|date=10 May 2008|accessdate=20 October 2012}}</ref> a [[Lebanese government of July 2008|national unity government]] was formed in 2008, with Hezbollah and its opposition allies obtaining 11 of 30 cabinet seats, enough to give them veto power.<ref name="CFR" /> In August 2008, Lebanon's new cabinet unanimously approved a draft policy statement that recognizes Hezbollah's existence as an armed organization and guarantees its right to "liberate or recover occupied lands" (such as the [[Shebaa Farms]]).<ref name="Nafez Qawas">{{Cite news|author=Nafez Qawas|newspaper=[[Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]|date=6 August 2008|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=94824|title=Berri summons Parliament to vote on policy statement|accessdate=6 August 2008}}</ref> Since 2012, [[Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war]] has seen it join the Syrian government in its fight against the [[Syrian opposition]], which Hezbollah has described as a [[Zionism|Zionist]] plot and a "[[Wahhabi]]-Zionist conspiracy" to destroy its alliance with [[Bashar al-Assad]] against Israel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/04/world/middleeast/mystery-in-hezbollah-operatives-life-and-death.html |work=The New York Times |first=Anne |last=Barnard |title=Mystery in Hezbollah Operatives Life and Death |date=3 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=barnard>{{cite news|last=Barnard|first=Anne|title=Car Bombing Injures Dozens in Hezbollah Section of Beirut|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/10/world/middleeast/syria.html?_r=0|accessdate=30 August 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=9 July 2013|quote=Hezbollah has portrayed the Syrian uprising as an Israeli-backed plot to destroy its alliance with Mr. Assad against Israel.}}</ref> It has deployed its militia in both Syria and Iraq to fight or train local forces to fight against the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL).<ref>[[Liz Sly]] and Suzan Haidamous [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/lebanons-hezbollah-acknowledges-battling-the-islamic-state-in-iraq/2015/02/16/4448b21a-b619-11e4-bc30-a4e75503948a_story.html 'Lebanon’s Hezbollah acknowledges battling the Islamic State in Iraq,'] [[Washington Post]] 16 February 2015.</ref><ref>Ali Hashem, [http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/11/iran-iraq-shiites-isis.html#Hezbollah arrives in Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307053852/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/11/iran-iraq-shiites-isis.html#Hezbollah |date=7 March 2016 }}. Al Monitor 25 November 2014</ref> The group's legitimacy is considered to have been severely damaged due to the [[Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War|sectarian nature of the Syrian war]].<ref name="NYT2014">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/21/world/middleeast/syrian-fighting-gives-hezbollah-new-but-diffuse-purpose.html |title=Syrian Fighting Gives Hezbollah New but Diffuse Purpose|first=Ben |last=Hubbard |work=New York Times|quote=... the fighting has also diluted the resources that used to go exclusively to facing Israel, exacerbated sectarian divisions in the region, and alienated large segments of the majority Sunni population who once embraced Hezbollah as a liberation force... Never before have Hezbollah guerrillas fought alongside a formal army, waged war outside Lebanon or initiated broad offensives aimed at seizing territory. |date=20 March 2014|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/opeds/Levitt20140911-PRISM.pdf |title=Hezbollah's Syrian Quagmires |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy |quote="By siding with the Assad regime, the regime's Alawite supporters, and Iran, and taking up arms against Sunni rebels, Hezbollah has placed itself at the epicenter of a sectarian conflict that has nothing to do with the group's purported raison d'être: 'resistance' to Israeli occupation." |accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/11/world/middleeast/israel-watches-warily-as-hezbollah-gains-battle-skills-in-syria.html |title=Israel Watches Warily as Hezbollah Gains Battle Skills in Syria|first=Isabel |last=Kershner |work=New York Times|quote="... the Lebanese group's image at home and in the broader Arab world has been severely damaged because it is fighting Sunni rebels in Syria while its legitimacy rested on its role in fighting Israel." |date=10 March 2014|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref> In the [[2018 Lebanese general election]], Hezbollah held 12 seats and [[March 8 Alliance|its alliance]] won the election by gaining 70 out of 128 seats in the [[Parliament of Lebanon]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-election-parliament-factbox-idUSKCN1IN1OJ]</ref><ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/5/8/hezbollah-amal-and-allies-biggest-winners-in-lebanon-elections]</ref>
== History ==
{{Main|History of Hezbollah}}
===Foundation===
In 1982, Hezbollah was conceived by Muslim clerics and funded by [[Iran]] primarily to harass the [[1982 Lebanon War|Israeli invasion of Lebanon]] .<ref name="bbc-hi-me"/> Its leaders were followers of [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]], and its forces were trained and organized by a contingent of 1,500 [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Revolutionary Guards]] that arrived from Iran with permission from the [[Council of Ministers (Syria)|Syrian government]], which [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon|occupied Lebanon's eastern highlands]], permitted their transit to a base in the [[Bekaa valley]]<ref name="nybooks">{{cite journal |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17060 |title=In Search of Hezbollah |author=Adam Shatz |journal=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=29 April 2004 |accessdate=14 August 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822195222/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17060 |archivedate=22 August 2006}}</ref> which was in [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon|occupation of Lebanon]] at the time.
Scholars differ as to when Hezbollah came to be a distinct entity. Various sources list the official formation of the group as early as 1982<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/hizballah.htm|title=Hizballah (Party of God)|first=John|last=Pike}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/|title=Hezbollah (a.k.a. Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah)|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927093727/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/|archivedate=27 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/17/AR2006071700912.html|title=What Is Hezbollah?|first=Jefferson|last=Morley|date=17 July 2006|work=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1908671.stm|title=Who are Hezbollah?|work=BBC News}}</ref> whereas Diaz and Newman maintain that Hezbollah remained an amalgamation of various violent Shi'a extremists until as late as 1985.<ref>Diaz & Newman, 2005, p. 55</ref> Another version states that it was formed by supporters of Sheikh [[Ragheb Harb]], a leader of the southern Shia resistance killed by Israel in 1984.<ref>Helena Cobban, Boston Review [http://bostonreview.net/BR30.2/cobban.html Hizbullah’s New Face] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712050456/http://bostonreview.net/BR30.2/cobban.html |date=12 July 2009 }} Accessed 14 August 2006</ref> Regardless of when the name came into official use, a number of Shi'a groups were slowly assimilated into the organization, such as [[Islamic Jihad Organization|Islamic Jihad]], [[Organization of the Oppressed on Earth]] and the [[Revolutionary Justice Organization]] {{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}. These designations are considered to be synonymous with Hezbollah by the US,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/fto/2801.htm |title=Background Information on Foreign Terrorist Organizations |author=U.S Department of State |date=1 October 1999 |accessdate=25 July 2006 }}</ref> Israel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1990_1999/1996/4/HIZBULLAH+-+11-Apr-96.htm|author=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs|title=Hizbullah|date=11 April 1996|accessdate=25 July 2006}}</ref> and Canada.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/archives/p2/2003/2003-02-13-x/pdf/g2-137x1.pdf|journal=Canada Gazette Part II|title=SOR/2003-53: Criminal Code; Regulations Amending the Regulations Establishing a List of Entities|volume=137|issue=1 extra|page=1|date=12 February 2003|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118214555/http://www.gazette.gc.ca/archives/p2/2003/2003-02-13-x/pdf/g2-137x1.pdf|archivedate=18 January 2012}}</ref>
=== 1980s ===
{{Main|Lebanese civil war|South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000)}}
Hezbollah emerged in [[South Lebanon]] during a consolidation of [[Shia Islam in Lebanon|Shia]] militias as a rival to the older [[Amal Movement]]. Hezbollah played a significant role in the Lebanese civil war, opposing [[Multinational Force in Lebanon|American forces in 1982–83]] and opposing Amal and [[Syria]] during the 1985–88 [[War of the Camps]]. However, Hezbollah's early primary focus was ending Israel's occupation of southern Lebanon<ref name="bbc-hi-me"/> following Israel's 1982 invasion and siege of Beirut.<ref>Avi Shlaim (2001) ''The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World'' W.W. Norton, {{ISBN|0-393-32112-6}} Chapter 10; "The Lebanese Quagmire 1981–1984". pp 384–423</ref> Amal, the main Lebanese Shia political group, initiated [[guerrilla warfare]]. In 2006, former Israeli prime minister [[Ehud Barak]] stated, "When we entered Lebanon … there was no Hezbollah. We were accepted with perfumed rice and flowers by the Shia in the south. It was our presence there that created Hezbollah".<ref name=AN33>{{cite book|last=Norton|first=Augustus|title=Hezbollah: A Short History|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13124-5|page=33|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0MZOnnu8qcC&q=Hezbollah%20a%20short%20history&pg=PP1}}</ref>
Hezbollah waged an [[asymmetric war]] using [[Istishhad|suicide attacks]] against the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) and Israeli targets outside of Lebanon.<ref name="pape">{{cite book |last=Pape |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Pape |title=Dying to win: the strategic logic of suicide terrorism |location=New York |publisher=Random House |isbn=1-4000-6317-5 |year=2005 |url=https://archive.org/details/dyingtowinstrate00pape }} Specifically: "Suicide Terrorist Campaigns, 1980–2003", Appendix 1. (Page 253 of Australian paperback edition, published by Scribe Publications)</ref> Hezbollah is reputed to have been among the first Islamic resistance groups in the Middle East to use the tactics of suicide bombing, assassination, and capturing foreign soldiers,<ref name="nybooks"/> as well as murders<ref name="HCR190" /> and hijackings.<ref name="Timeline: Lebanon">{{cite news|title=Lebanon profile|date=3 September 2013|accessdate=5 September 2013|work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14649284}}</ref> Hezbollah also employed more conventional military tactics and weaponry, notably [[Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyusha rockets]] and other missiles.<ref name="HCR190">{{cite web |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c101:H.CON.RES.190: |publisher=[[The Library of Congress]] |date=4 August 1989 |accessdate=8 August 2006 |title=Expressing the sense of the Congress over the reported murder of Lieutenant Colonel William Higgins and Hezbollah-sponsored terrorism. |author=H. CON. RES. 190, 1st session 101st congress}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Harnden |first=Tony |title=Video games attract young to Hizbollah |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/02/21/whizb21.xml&sSheet=/news/2004/02/21/ixworld.html |accessdate=20 October 2012 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=21 February 2004 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721222037/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2004%2F02%2F21%2Fwhizb21.xml&sSheet=%2Fnews%2F2004%2F02%2F21%2Fixworld.html |archivedate=21 July 2006 |location=London |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the end of the Lebanese Civil War in 1990, despite the [[Taif Agreement]] asking for the "disbanding of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias," [[Syria]], which controlled Lebanon at that time, allowed Hezbollah to maintain their arsenal and control Shia areas along the border with Israel.<ref name="In the Party of God" />
=== After 1990 ===
In the 1990s, Hezbollah transformed from a revolutionary group into a political one, in a process which is described as the Lebanonisation of Hezbollah. Unlike its uncompromising revolutionary stance in the 1980s, Hezbollah conveyed a lenient stance towards the Lebanese state.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Mediterranean Politics |volume=3 |issue=1 |date=Summer 1998 |pages=103–134 |title=The strategy and tactics of Hizballah's current Lebanonization process|doi=10.1080/13629399808414643 |last1=Ranstorp |first1=Magnus }}</ref>
| |||