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Տող 1.
== Պատմություն ==
{{Main article|Կրծկալների պատմություն}}
Կրծքերը ծածկող հագուստ կրելը գալիս է դեռ [[Հին Հունաստան]]<nowiki/>ից<ref name="HISTORY" /> Կանայք կրում էին ապոդեմոսներ<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=exact&lookup=a%29po%2Fdesmos&lang=greek ἀπόδεσμος],
Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref>, ավելի ուշ՝ ''stēthodesmē-ներ''<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dsthqode%2Fsmh στηθοδέσμη] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716230402/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dsthqode%2Fsmh |date=16 July 2014 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref>, մաստոդեսմոսներ<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmasto%2Fdesmos μαστόδεσμος] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718002742/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmasto%2Fdesmos |date=18 July 2014 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> և մաստոդետոններ<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmasto%2Fdeton μαστόδετον] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716221456/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmasto%2Fdeton |date=16 July 2014 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref>, որոնք ծառայում էին կրծքերը փակելու համար և պատրաստված էին [[Բուրդ|բրդ]]<nowiki/>ից կամ [[սպիտակեղեն]]<nowiki/>ից{{sfn|Leoty|1893|p=9}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ME18871111.1.2&e=-------10--1----0-all |title=The Figure and Corsets. Mataura Ensign (New Zealand) November 11, 1887 |access-date=12 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103190025/http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ME18871111.1.2&e=-------10--1----0-all |archive-date=3 November 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>: Հռոմեացի կանայք կրծկալներ կրում էին սպորտով զբաղվելու ժամանակ (սա փաստող նկարներ հնարավոր է տեսնել [[Վիլլա դել Կասալե]] հռոմեական վիլլայի խճանկարների վրա, որոնք հայտնի են նաև «Բիկինի մոզաիկա» անվանմամբ): [[File:Mosaïque des bikinis, Piazza Armerina.jpg|thumb|Roman women wearing breast-bands during sport, [[Villa Romana del Casale]], Sicily, 4th century AD]]
Fragments of linen textiles found in [[East Tyrol]] in Austria dated to between 1440 and 1485 are believed to have been bras. Two of them had cups made from two pieces of linen sewn with fabric that extended to the bottom of the torso with a row of six eyelets for fastening with a lace or string. One had two shoulder straps and was decorated with lace in the cleavage.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 July 2012 |title=Medieval Bras Discovered at Austrian Castle |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/18/medieval-bras-discovered-austrian-castle |work=The Guardian |agency=Associated Press |access-date=18 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017224851/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/18/medieval-bras-discovered-austrian-castle |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jahn |first=George |date=19 July 2012 |title=600-Year-Old Linen Bras Found in Austrian Castle |url=https://news.yahoo.com/600-old-linen-bras-found-austrian-castle-192408678.html |work=Yahoo! News |agency=Associated Press |access-date=24 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222209/http://news.yahoo.com/600-old-linen-bras-found-austrian-castle-192408678.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
From the 16th century, the undergarments of wealthier women in the Western world were dominated by the [[corset]], which pushed the breasts upwards. In the later 19th century, clothing designers began experimenting with alternatives, splitting the corset into multiple parts: a [[girdle]]-like restraining device for the lower torso, and devices that suspended the breasts from the shoulder to the upper torso.<ref name=HISTORY />
[[File:Calkins-corset-ad-1898.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Ladies' Home Journal]]'', October 1898]]
Women have played a large part in the design and manufacture of the bra, accounting for half the patents filed.{{sfn|Farrell-Beck|Gau|2002}} The [[Dresden]]-based German, Christine Hardt, patented the first modern brassiere in 1899.<ref>Hardt, Christine (1899) [https://depatisnet.dpma.de/DepatisNet/depatisnet?window=1&space=menu&content=treffer&action=pdf&docid=DE000000110888A German Patent 110888A]. dpma.de</ref> Sigmund Lindauer from Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, Germany, developed a brassiere for mass production and patented it in 1912. It was mass-produced by Mechanische Trikotweberei Ludwig Maier und Cie. in Böblingen, Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wirtemberg.de/sigmund-lindauer.htm|title=Vom Korsett zum Büstenhalter|publisher= wirtemberg.de|language=de|accessdate=2020-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeitreise-bb.de/hautana/|title=Lyon Sussmann und die „Hautana“|publisher=Zeitreise|language=de|accessdate=2020-01-27}}</ref> In the United States, [[Caresse Crosby|Mary Phelps Jacob]] received a patent in 1914 for the first brassiere design that is recognized as the basis for modern bras.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fashion-era.com/bras_and_girdles.htm |title=Bra History: Bras and Girdles |first=Pauline Weston |last=Thomas |publisher=Fashion-Era.com |date=September 2004 |accessdate=20 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111143703/http://www.fashion-era.com/bras_and_girdles.htm |archive-date=11 January 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{sfn|Jenkins|2005|p=111}} Mass production in the early 20th century made the garment widely available to women in the United States, England, Western Europe, and other countries influenced by western fashion.<ref name=angel/> Metal shortages in World War I encouraged the end of the corset.
Brassieres were initially manufactured by small production companies and supplied to retailers. The term "cup" was not used until 1916, and manufacturers relied on stretchable cups to accommodate different sized breasts.{{sfn|Farrell-Beck|Gau|2002|p=73}} Women with larger or sagging breasts had the choice of long-line bras, built-up backs, wedge-shaped inserts between the cups, wider straps, [[Lastex]], firm bands under the cup, and light boning.{{sfn|Farrell-Beck|Gau|2002|p=73}}
In October 1932, the S.H. Camp and Company correlated the size and pendulousness of breasts to letters A through D.{{sfn|Apsan|2006|p=186}} Camp's advertising featured letter-labeled profiles of breasts in the February 1933 issue of ''Corset and Underwear Review''. In 1937, Warner began to feature cup sizing in its products.{{sfnm|1a1=Farrell-Beck|1a2=Gau|1y=2002|2a1=Steele|2y=2010|2p=73}} Adjustable bands were introduced using multiple hook and eye closures in the 1930s.{{sfnm|1a1=Farrell-Beck|1a2=Gau|1y=2002|2a1=Steele|2y=2010|2p=56, 81}} By the time World War II ended, most fashion-conscious women in Europe and North America were wearing brassieres, and women in Asia, Africa, and Latin America began to adopt it.<ref name=angel/>
An [[urban legend]] that the brassiere was invented by a man named [[Otto Titzling]] ("tit sling") who lost a lawsuit with ''Phillip de Brassiere'' ("fill up the brassiere") originated with the 1971 book ''Bust-Up: The Uplifting Tale of Otto Titzling and the Development of the Bra'' and was propagated in a comedic song from the movie ''[[Beaches (film)|Beaches]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/business/origins/bra.asp|title= Brassiere (origin of name)|publisher=Snopes.com Urban Legends|accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref>
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'''Ստեղծագործական ճգնաժամ''', վիճակ (հիմնականում պայմանավորված գրելու հետ), երբ գրողը կորցնում է նոր ստեղծագործություն գրելու ունակությունը կամ ապրում է ստեղծագործական անկում՝ չկարողանալով շարունակել արդեն սկսած աշխատանքը: Գրելու կամ նոր գործ ստեղծելու ունակության կորուստը կապված չէ մտադրվածության խնդիրների կամ գրելու հմտություններ չունենալու հետ<ref name=":3" />: Վիճակը ներառում է սկզբնական գաղափարի առաջացման դժվարությունից մինչև տարիներ շարունակ ստեղծագործել չկարողանալը: Ստեղծագործական ճգնաժամը չի չափվում առանց գրելու անցկացրած ժամանակով: Այն չափվում է ժամանակով, որն անցել է արդեն իսկ ձեռքի տակ ունեցող աշխատանքի արտադրողականության բացակայությամբ<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/writersblockcogn0000rose/page/3|title=Writer's block : the cognitive dimension|last=Rose|first=Mike|publisher=|year=1984|isbn=9780809311415|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/writersblockcogn0000rose/page/3 3]|oclc=}}</ref>:
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