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==Արվեստներ==
1547 թվականի դեկտեմբերին [[Ճիզվիտ|ճիզվիտների]] առաջնորդ Ֆրենսիս Խավիերը [[Մալայզիա|Մալայզիայում]] սպասում էր Գոա ([[Հնդկաստան]]) վերադառնալուն, երբ նա հանդիպեց մի ցածր կարգ ունեցող սամուրայի, ում անունը Անջիրո էր։ Անջիրոն խելացի չէր, բայց նա հիացրեց Խավիերին, քանի որ նա մանրամասն գրառումներ էր կատարել նրա՝ եկեղեցում ունեցած ելույթից։ Խավիերը որոշում է մեկնել [[Ճապոնիա]], քանի որ Անջիրոյին հաջողվում է պորտուգալերենով նրան համոզել, որ ճապոնացիները շատ կիրթ և սովորելու ձգտում ունեցող մարդիկ են։ Նրանք քրտնաջան աշխատում են և հարգում են իրենց իշխանություններին։ Իրենց օրենքներն ու ավանդույթները հիմնված էին [[Բանականություն|բանականության]] վրա, և եթե [[Քրիստոնեություն|քրիստոնեական]] հավատը ապացուցեր դրանց ճշմարտացիությունը, նրանք բոլորը դա կընդունեին<ref>Coleridge, p. 100</ref>։
Մինչև 12-րդ դարը բարձր կարգի սամուրայները վերին աստիճանի գրագետ էին ի շնորհիվ Չինաստանից 7-9-րդ դարերում ընդհանուր [[Կոնֆուցիականություն|կոնֆուցիականության]] հիմունքների ծանոթացմանը, ինչպես նաև թագավորական արքունիքի հետ ուղղակի կապին, որը մշակույթի և գրականության մենատերն էր գրեթե ողջ Հեիան ժամանակաշրջանում, ինչի արդյունքում էլ ազնվականության պես ավելի հղկված հմտություններ ունեին<ref name=Matsura>Matsura, Yoshinori Fukuiken-shi 2 (Tokyo: Sanshusha, 1921)</ref>։
Տաիրա Տադանորիի օրինակը (մի սամուրայ, ով հայտնվում է Հեիկե Մոնոգատարիում) ցույց է տալիս, որ մարտիկները իդեալականացնում էին արվեստները և ձգտում էին ավելի հմտանալ դրանցում։
Տադանորին հայտնի էր իր գրչի և սրի հմտությամբ՝ սովորելու և մարտնչելու հարմոնիա։ Ակնկալվում էր, որ սամուրայները պետք է լինեին հղկված և գրագետ մարտիկներ, ովքեր հետևում էին հին ասույթին՝ "bunbu-ryōdō" (文武両道, գրականագիտական արվեստներ, [[Մարտական արվեստներ|մարտարվեստներ]], երկու ուղղությամբ էլ) կամ «Գրիչը և սուրը հարմոնիայի մեջ»։ Մինչև Էդո ժամանակաշրջանը Ճապոնիայում գրաճանաչության մակարդակը ավելի բարձր էր, քան [[Կենտրոնական Եվրոպա|Կենտրոնական Եվրոպայում]] <ref>{{cite book|author1=Philip J. Adler|author2=Randall L. Pouwels|title=World Civilizations: Since 1500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPoqfoiIp4sC&pg=PA369|year=2007|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-50262-3|pages=369–}}</ref>։
Այն տղամարդկանց քանակը, որ իրապես հասնում էր իդեալին և դրանով էր ապրում, բավականին մեծ էր։ Մարտիկի նախնական ձևը՝ «uruwashii», գրվում էր կանջիով, որը միավորում էր գրականագիտական ուսումնասիրության ("bun" 文) և մարտարվեստների ("bu" 武) նշանագրերը Հեիկե Մոնոգատարիի գրավածքներում։ Հեիկե Մոնոգատարին հղում է կատարում կրթված պոետ-սուսերամարտիկի՝ Տաիրայի (բայց ոչ Տադանորիի) մահվանը․<ref name=w26/>
{{quote|Ընկերները և ախոյանները երկուսն էլ արցունքներով թրջում էին իրենց թևերը և ասում․ <br />
Ի՜նչ ափսոս․ Տադանորին մեծ զորավար էր,<br />
հռչակավոր թե՛ սրի, թե՛ պոեզիայի արվեստներում։}}
Իր «Սամուրայների իդեալներ» գրքում թարգմանիչ Ուիլյամ Սքոտ Ուիլսոնը պնդում է․ «Հեիկե Մոնոգատարիում մարտիկները հետագա սերունդների համար կրթված մարտիկների լավագույն օրինակն էին, և նրանց նկարագրած իդեալները անհաս չէին։ Հակառակը՝ բարձր կարգ ունեցող մարտիկները հետևում էին այս իդեալներին։ Հեիկե Մոնոգատարիի շնորհիվ գրականության մեջ ճապոնացի մարտիկների կերպարը հասավ իր ամբողջական հասունությանը» <ref name=w26>Wilson, p. 26</ref>։ Հետագայում Ուիլսոնը թարգմանել է մի շարք մարտիկների գրվածքներ, ովքեր Հեիկե Մոնոգատարին համարել են այն օրինակը, որին տղամարդիկ պետք է հետևեին<ref>Wilson</ref>։
==Culture==
As aristocrats for centuries, samurai developed their own cultures that influenced Japanese culture as a whole. The culture associated with the samurai such as the [[Japanese tea ceremony|tea ceremony]], monochrome ink painting, rock gardens and poetry was adopted by warrior patrons throughout the centuries 1200–1600. These practices were adapted from the Chinese arts. Zen monks introduced them to Japan and they were allowed to flourish due to the interest of powerful warrior elites. [[Musō Soseki]] (1275–1351) was a Zen monk who was advisor to both Emperor Go-Daigo and General Ashikaga Takauji (1304–58). Musō, as well as other monks, served as a political and cultural diplomat between Japan and China. Musō was particularly well known for his garden design. Another Ashikaga patron of the arts was Yoshimasa. His cultural advisor, the Zen monk Zeami, introduced the tea ceremony to him. Previously, tea had been used primarily for Buddhist monks to stay awake during meditation.<ref>{{cite book|author1=R. H. P. Mason|author2=John Godwin Caiger|title=A history of Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_XL2iELo-oC&pg=PA152|accessdate=9 April 2011|date=15 November 1997|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-0-8048-2097-4|pages=152–}}</ref>
===Կրթություն===
[[File:Ogata.JPG|thumb|150px|[[Kōan Ogata]], a samurai, physician and rangaku scholar in late Edo period Japan, noted for establishing an academy which later developed into [[Osaka University]].]]
[[File:Kenjiro_Yamakawa 2.jpg|thumb|upright|150px|Յամակավա Կենջիրո, ավագ սամուրայ Աիզու կալվածքներում, ով հետագայում դարձավ հայտնի ֆիզիկոս, համալսարանի ռեկտոր և Բոշինի պատերազմի մասին պատմող մի շարք հայտնի պատմությունների հեղինակ]]
Հիմնականում սամուրայները, արիստոկրատները և հոգևորականները կանջիի շրջանում գրագիտության բարձ մակարդակ ունեին։ Վերջին ուսումնասիրությունները ցույց են տվել, որ կանջիի շրջանում մյուս սոցիալական խմբերում գրագիտության մակարդակը ավելի բարձր էր , քան նախկինում կարծում էին։ Օրինակ, Կամակուրա շրջանում ֆերմերների դատական փաստաթղթերը, ծննդյան և մահվան վկայականները պատրաստված են Կանջիում։ Կամուկարա ժամանակաշրջանի վերջերին բարելավվել էին և՛ կանջիի գրագիտության մակարդակը, և՛ մաթեմատիկական հմտությունները<ref name=Matsura />։
Որոշ սամուրայներ ունեին "բուկե բունկո" կամ "մարտիկի գրադարան"` անձնական գրադարան, որը տեքստեր էր պարունակում մարտավարության, ռազմական գիտությունների մասին և այլ փաստաթղթեր, որոնք ֆեոդալական Ճապոնիայի կռիվների այս դարաշրջանում շատ օգտակար էին։ Մի նմանատիպ գրադարան պարունակում էր 20.000 հատոր։ Բարձր դասի սամուրայները ունեին ընտանեկան գրադարաններ, որոնցում պահում էին դասական գրականություն, բուդդիստական սուրբ գրքեր, ընտանեկան պատմություններ, ինչպես նաև ծագումնաբանական արձանագրություններ<ref>Murray, S. (2009). The library : an illustrated history. New York, NY : [[Skyhorse Pub.]] ; Chicago : ALA Editions, 2009. pg.113</ref>։
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===Անուններ===
Սովորաբար սամուրայներին անվանակոչում էին` միավորելով իր հոր կամ պապի կանջին մի նոր կանջիի հետ։ Հիմնականում սամուրայները օգտագործում էին իրենց ամբողջական անվան մի փոքր մասը։
Օրինակ, Օդա Նոբունագայի ամբողջական անունն էր «Օդա Կազուսանոսուկե Սաբուրս Նոբունագա» ({{lang|ja|織田上総介三郎信長}}), որտեղ «Օդա»-ն կլանի կամ ընտանիքի անունն էր` ազգանունը, «Կազուսանոսուկե»-ն Կազուսա շրջանի փոխկառավարչի անունն էր, «Սաբուրո»-ն պաշտոնական մականուն էր, իսկ «Նոբունագա»-ն չափահասին տրվող անուն էր։ Մարդկանց կոչում էին իրենց ազգանունով և կոչմամբ կամ մականունով, եթե կոչում չունեին։ Այնուամենայնիվ, «նանորի»-ն մասնավոր անուն էր, որը կարող էին օգտագործել միայն քչերը՝ ներառյալ կայսրը։
Սամուրայները կարող էին ինքնուրույն ընտրել իրենց նանորին և հաճախ էին փոխում իրենց անունները, որպեսզի ցույց տային իերնց հավատարմությունը։
Սամուրայներին տրված էր երկու սուր կրելու և սամուրայական ազգանուններ տագործելու ւ արտոնո,թյունը որպեսզի տարբերվեին ժողովրդից<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wert |first1=Michael |title=Samurai: A Concise History |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0190932945 |page=38}}</ref>։
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===Ամուսնություն===
Սամուրայները ունենում էին պլանավորոված ամուսնություններ, որոնք կազմակերպվում էին մոտ կամ միևնույն խավերի միջև։ Բարձր դասի սամուրայների համար սա անհրաժեշտություն էր, քանի որ նրանցից քչերին էր հաջողվում կանանց հետ հանդիպել, իսկ ցածր դասի սամուրայների դեպքում սա ձևական բնույթ ուներ։ Սամուրայները հիմնականում ամուսնանում էին սամուրայական ծագում ունեցող աղջիկների հետ, իսկ ցածր դասի սամուրայներին թույլատրվում էր ամուսնանալ հասարակ (ոչ սամուրայական) ընտանիքի աղջիկների հետ։ Այսպիսի ամուսնություններում կնոջ կողմն էր բերում օժիտը, որը օգտագործում էին զույգի կազմած նոր ընտանիքը կազմավորվելու համար։
Սամուրայները կարող էին ունենալ քաղաքացիական ամուսնություններ և հարճեր, բայց բարձր կարգի սամուրայները ստուգում էին այդ կանանց ծագումը։ Հաճախ հարճ ունենալը չէր տարբերվում ամուսնությունից։ Թեև գրականության մեջ տարածված է հարճերի առևանգումը, իրականում դա ամոթալի էր, երբեմն էլ՝ հանցավոր։ Եթե հարճը կամ ապօրինի կինը հասարակ ծագում ուներ, սուրհանդակի հետ մի երկտող և նշանդրեքի գումար էին ուղարկում աղջկա ծնողներին նրանց հավանությանը արժանանալու համար։ Թեև կինը օրինական կարգավիճակ չուներ, շատ ունևոր վաճառականներ կարծում էին՝ իրենց դստեր համար սամուրայի հարճի կարգավիճակը շատ ավելի բարձր է, քան հասարակ գյուղացու օրինական կնոջինը։ Երբ վաճառականի դուստրը ամուսնանում էր սամուրայի հետ, աղջկա ընտանիքը վճարում էր սամուրայի պարտքերը, և սամուրայի սոցիալական կարգավիճակը բարձրանում էր` համաձայն աղջկա ընտանիքի կարգավիճակի։ Երբ սամուրայը և իր ապօրինի կինը որդի են ունենում, որդին կարող էր ժառանգել հոր սոցիալական կարգավիճակը։
Սամուրայները կարող էին բաժանվել իրենց կնոջից մի շարք տարբեր պատճառներով, իհարկե, ավելի բարձր կարգ ունեցող սամուրայների համաձայնության դեպքում։ Սամուրայների շրջանում ամուսնալուծությունները շատ հազվադեպ էին տեղի ունենում։ Ամուսնալուծության պատճառներից ամենաընդունելին կնոջ` արու զավակ չպարգևելն էր, բայց արու ժառանգի որդեգրումը ամուսնալուծության ընդունելի այլընտրանք էր համարվում։ Սամուրայը կարող էր բաժանվել կնոջից՝ անձնական պատճառներից ելնելով, օրինակ, եթե նա պարզապես չէր հավանում իր կնոջը, բայց այս պատճառաբանությունից հիմնականում խուսափում էին, քանի որ դա ամաչեցնում էր այն մադում, ով կազմակերպել էր ամուսնությունը։ Կինը նույնպես կարող էր ամուսնալուծվելու ցանկություն հայտնել, բայց այդ դեպքում, հիմնականում, դիտարկում էին, որ սամուրայն է բաժանվում կնոջից, և ոչ թե հակառակը։ Ամուսնալուծությունից հետո սամուրայը պետք է վերադարձներ օժիտի գումարը, ինչն էլ հաճախ խոչընդոտում էր ամուսնալուծությունները։
==Կանայք==
{{Main|Onna-bugeisha}}[[File:Femme-47-ronin-seppuku-p1000701.jpg|thumb|upright|Ճապոնացի կինը պատրաստվում է ''ջիգայ''ի մահացած ամուսնուն հետևելու համար]]
[[File:Kasuga_no_Tsubone_(c._1880).jpg|left|thumb|307x307px|''Կասուգա նո Ցուբոնեն կռվում է գողերի հետ- Ադաչի Գին'']]
Սամուրայի կնոջ հիմնական պարտականությունը տնային տնտեսությունը կազմակերպելն էր։ Սա հատկապես կարևորվում էր ֆեոդալական Ճապոնիայում, երբ մարտիկ ամուսինները հաճախ էին արտասահմանում ճամփորդում կամ ներքաշված էի կլանային կռիվներում։ ԿԻնը՝ ''okugatasama'' (մեկը, ով տանն է մնում), մնում էր տնային աշխատանքները համակարգելու և երեխաներին դաստիարակելու համար և երբեմն ուժով պաշտպանում էին իրենց տունը։ Այս պատճառով շատ սամուրայների կանայք սովորում էին դանակի կամ այլ զենքի կիրառությունը։ Ճապոնիայում կային կանայք, ովքեր ակտիվորեն ներքաշված էին կռիվներում․ նրանք կռվում էին տղամարդկանց կողքին, չնայած այս կանանց մեծամասնությունը պաշտոնապես սամուրայ չէր համարվում։
Սամուրայ կանանց ամենաարժեքավոր հատկանիշներն էին համեստությունը, հնազանդությունը, ինքնատիրապետումը, ուժը և հավատարմությունը։ Տեսականորեն սամուրայ կինը հմուտ էր մի շարք գործերում` տնային տնտեսություն, հաշիվներ պահել, ֆինանսական միջոցները բաշխել, երեխաներին կրթել և տարեցներին հոգ տանել։ Համարում էին, որ չափազանց շատ սերը փչացնում է երեխաների, հետևաբար կինը նաև պետք է լինել կարգապահ և չափավոր<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7GHCwAAQBAJ|title=Samurai Women 1184–1877|last=Turnbull|first=Stephen|date=2012-01-20|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781780963334|language=en}}</ref>։
Թեև ավելի հարուստ սամուրայ-ընտանիքների կանայք վայելում էին իրենց հասարակական բարձր դիրքը (օրինակ խուսափում էին դժվար աշխատանքից), նրանց համարում էին տղամարդկանցից շատ ավելի ցածր։ Կանայք դեռ իրավունք չունեին ներգրավված լինել որևէ քաղաքական գործունեության մեջ և սովորաբար իրենց ընտանիքի գլուխը չէին։
[[File:Hangaku Gozen by Yoshitoshi.jpg|thumb|Հանգակու Գոզեն, նկարիչ՝ Յոշիտոշի 1885 |alt=|271x271px]]
Սա չի նշանակում, որ սամուրայների դասում կանայք անուժ էին կամ չունեին իշխանություն։ Հզոր կանայք տարբեր առիթներով բանեցնում էին իրենց իշխանությունը։
Հոր մահից հետո Թաչիբանա Գինչիյոն ընտրվեց իրենց կլանի առաջնորդ։ Չիյոն` Յամաուչի Կազուտոյոյի կինը, երկար ժամանակ համարվել է սամուրայ կնոջ իդեալական կերպար։ Ըստ ավանդության` նա իր կիմոնոն պատրաստել էլ հին շորերի և հավաքած մետաղադրամների կարկատաններից, որպեսզի իր ամուսնու համար մի հրաշալի ձի գներ, որը նա հետագայում հեծնել է մի շարք հաղթանակներում։ Իր ֆինանսական միջոցների բաշխման համար այսքան բարձր հարգանք վայելող Չիյոյի օրինակը հատկապես մեկնաբանվում էր, քանի որ նա այդպես էլ ժառանգ չծնեց, և Յամաուչի կլանի շարունակողը Կազուտոյոյի կրտսեր եղբայրը։ Սամուրայների կանանց իշխանությունը գալիս էր ֆինանսական միջոցների կառավարման արտոնությունից։
Տոկուգավա շրջանի զարգացմանը զուգահեռ կանանց կրթությունը ավելի մեծ արժեք դարձավ։ Ընտանիքներում և բարձր հասարակությունում մարդիկ իրենց դուստրերին դեռ վաղ տարիքից կրթության էին տալիս։ Ֆիզիկական գրավչությունից զատ ամուսնության համար հարմար հարսնացուն պետք է ունենար կրթություն և լիներ խելացի։ Թեև այս շրջանում կանանց համար գրված տեքստերի մեծամասնությունը նրանց սովորեցնում էր լինել հաջողակ կին և տնային տնտեսուհի, կային նաև կրթական, փիլիսոփայական և գեղարվեստական գրքեր։ Տոկուգավա շրջանի ավարտին սամուրայների դասի գրեթե բոլոր կանայք արդեն գրաճանաչ էին և կիրթ։
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==Զենքեր ==
[[File:Katana brique.svg|thumb|Cross sections of Japanese sword lamination methods.|link=Special:FilePath/Katana_brique.svg]]
[[File:Katana (common shema).png|thumb|Diagram of the Katana sword.]]
[[File:Samurai Japanese.jpg|thumb|Samurai warriors with various types of armor and weapons, c. 1802-1814]]
[[File:Old Japanese military paraphernalia.jpg|thumb|1890s photo showing a variety of armor and weapons typically used by samurai]]
* '''[[Ճապոնական սուր]]s''' (սամուրայի սուր) զենքի այն տեսակն է, որը նույնացվում է սամուրայների հետ։ Նարա շրջանի հին ճապոնական սուրը` չոկուտոն, ուներ ուղիղ շեղբ, մինչև 900-ական թվականը ի հայտ եկավ տաչին, որին հետևեց ուչիգատան, իսկ հետո` կատանան։ the weapons that have come to be synonymous with the samurai. Ancient Japanese swords from the [[Nara period]] ([[Chokutō]]) featured a straight blade, by the late 900s curved [[tachi]] appeared, followed by the [[uchigatana]] and ultimately the [[katana]]. Smaller commonly known companion swords are the [[wakizashi]] and the [[tantō]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Karl F. Friday |title=Samurai, warfare and the state in early medieval Japan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5KBjpGSRgkC&pg=PA78 |accessdate=5 November 2011 |year=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-32963-7 |pages=78–80}}</ref> Wearing a long sword ''([[katana]])'' or ''([[tachi]])'' together with a smaller sword such as a wakizashi or tantō became the symbol of the samurai, this combination of swords is referred to as a ''[[daishō]]'' (literally "big and small"). During the Edo period only samurai were allowed to wear a ''daisho''. A longer blade known as the nodachi was also used in the fourteenth century, though primarily used by samurai on the ground.<ref>Turnbell, Stephen. Samurai The Story of Japan’s Great Warriors. London. Prc Publishing Ltd, 2004. Print.</ref>
* The '''[[yumi]]''' (longbow), reflected in the art of ''[[kyūjutsu]]'' (lit. the skill of the bow) was a major weapon of the Japanese military. Its usage declined with the introduction of the [[Tanegashima (Japanese matchlock)|tanegashima]] (Japanese matchlock) during the [[Sengoku period]], but the skill was still practiced at least for sport.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kathleen Haywood|author2=Catherine Lewis|title=Archery: steps to success|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EFySHOgGmIC&pg=PR10|accessdate=9 April 2011|year=2006|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=978-0-7360-5542-0|pages=10–}}</ref> The yumi, an asymmetric [[composite bow]] made from [[bamboo]], [[wood]], [[rattan]] and [[leather]], had an effective range of {{convert|50|or|100|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} if accuracy was not an issue. On foot, it was usually used behind a [[Commons:Category:Tate (shield)|''tate'']] ({{lang|ja|手盾}}), a large, mobile wooden shield, but the yumi could also be used from horseback because of its asymmetric shape. The practice of shooting from horseback became a Shinto ceremony known as ''[[yabusame]]'' ({{lang|ja|流鏑馬}}).<ref>{{cite book|author1=Thomas Louis|author2=Tommy Ito|title=Samurai: The Code of the Warrior|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wExlaM1ov0sC&pg=PA117|accessdate=9 April 2011|date=5 August 2008|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4027-6312-0|pages=117–}}</ref>
* '''[[Commons:Category:Samurai pole weapons|Pole weapons]]''' including the ''[[yari]]'' and ''[[naginata]]'' were commonly used by the samurai. The ''[[yari]]'' (Japanese spear) displaced the ''[[naginata]]'' from the battlefield as personal bravery became less of a factor and battles became more organized around massed, inexpensive foot troops (''[[ashigaru]]'').<ref>Turnbell, Stephen. Samurai The Story of Japan’s Great Warriors. London. Prc Publishing Ltd, 2004. Print. pg. 174.</ref> A charge, mounted or dismounted, was also more effective when using a spear rather than a sword, as it offered better than even odds against a samurai using a sword. In the Battle of Shizugatake where [[Shibata Katsuie]] was defeated by [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], then known as Hashiba Hideyoshi, seven samurai who came to be known as the "[[Seven Spears of Shizugatake]]" ({{lang|ja|賤ヶ岳七本槍}}) played a crucial role in the victory.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen Turnbull|title=The Samurai Swordsman: Master of War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NR9j09T2hLkC&pg=PA65|accessdate=9 April 2011|date=11 April 2008|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-4-8053-0956-8|pages=65–}}</ref>
* '''[[Tanegashima (Japanese matchlock)]]''' were introduced to Japan in the 1543 through [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] trade. Tanegashima were produced on a large scale by Japanese gunsmiths, enabling warlords to raise and train armies from masses of peasants. The new weapons were highly effective, their ease of use and deadly effectiveness led to the tanegashima becoming the weapon of choice over the yumi (bow). By the end of the 16th century, there were more firearms in Japan than in many European nations. Tanegashima—employed ''en masse'', largely by ''[[ashigaru]]'' peasant foot troops—were responsible for a change in military tactics that eventually led to establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate ([[Edo period]]) and an end to civil war. Production of tanegashima declined sharply as there was no need for massive amounts of firearms. During the Edo period, tanegashima were stored away, and used mainly for hunting and target practice. Foreign intervention in the 1800s renewed interest in firearms—but the tanegashima was outdated by then, and various samurai factions purchased more modern firearms from European sources.
* '''[[Commons:Category:Samurai cannons|Cannons]]''' became a common part of the samurai's armory in the 1570s. They often were mounted in castles or on ships, being used more as anti-personnel weapons than against castle walls or the like, though in the [[Siege of Nagashino|siege of Nagashino castle]] (1575) a cannon was used to good effect against an enemy siegetower. The first popular cannon in Japan were swivel-breech loaders nicknamed ''kunikuzushi'' or "province destroyers". ''Kunikuzushi'' weighed {{convert|264|lb|abbr=on}} and used {{convert|40|lb|abbr=on}} chambers, firing a small shot of {{convert|10|oz|abbr=on}}. The [[Arima clan]] of Kyushu used guns like this at the ''Battle of Okinawate'' against the [[Ryūzōji clan]]. By the time of the [[Siege of Osaka|Osaka campaign]] (1614–1615), cannon technology had improved in Japan to the point where at Osaka, [[Ii Naotaka]] managed to fire an {{convert|18|lb|abbr=on}}. shot into the castle's keep.{{citation needed|date=November 2010}}
* '''[[Commons:Category:Samurai staff weapons|Staff weapons]]''' of many shapes and sizes made from oak and other hard woods were also used by the samurai, commonly known ones include the ''[[bō]]'', the ''[[jō]]'', the ''[[hanbō]]'', and the ''[[tanbō]]''.
* '''[[Commons:Category:Samurai clubs and truncheons|Clubs and truncheons]]''' made of iron or wood, of all shapes and sizes were used by the samurai. Some like the ''[[jutte]]'' were one-handed weapons and others like the ''[[kanabō]]'' were large two-handed weapons.
* '''[[Commons:Category:Samurai chain weapons|Chain weapons]]''', various weapons using chains ''kusari'' were used during the samurai era, the ''[[kusarigama]]'' and ''[[Kusari-fundo]]'' are examples.
== Early life ==
{{Main|Early life of Frank Sinatra}}
{{quote box|width=30em|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=right|quote="They'd fought through his childhood and continued to do so until her dying day. But I believe that to counter her steel will he'd developed his own. To prove her wrong when she belittled his choice of career ... Their friction first had shaped him; that, I think, had remained to the end and a litmus test of the grit in his bones. It helped keep him at the top of his game."|source=—Sinatra's daughter Nancy on the importance of his mother Dolly in his life and character.{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=427}}}}
Francis Albert Sinatra{{efn|On his original birth certificate, Sinatra's name was recorded incorrectly as "Frank Sinestro", a clerical error. In May 1945, he officially corrected the name on his birth certificate to "Francis A. Sinatra".{{sfnm|1a1=Sinatra|1y=1995|1p=17|2a1=Summers|2a2=Swan|2y=2010|2p=15}}}} was born on December 12, 1915, in an upstairs tenement at 415 Monroe Street in [[Hoboken, New Jersey]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/sinatra/67911.stm|title=Frank Sinatra obituary|date=May 16, 1998|accessdate=May 15, 2008|work=BBC News}}</ref>{{sfn|Sinatra|1995|p=15}}{{efn|The house at 415 Monroe Street burned down and no longer exists.<ref name="NJ">{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/hobokennow/index.ssf/2010/03/frank_sinatra_for_hoboken_tour.html|title=Frank Sinatra's dwindling tourist turf in Hoboken|work=The Jersey Journal|date=March 31, 2010|accessdate=October 6, 2015}}</ref> The site is marked by a brick archway with a bronze plaque on the sidewalk that reads, "Francis Albert Sinatra: The Voice".<ref name="NJ" /> The building at 417 Monroe Street has a sign that reads "From Here to Eternity", with images of an Oscar statue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/417+Monroe+St,+Hoboken,+NJ+07030,+USA/@40.7434928,-74.0407959,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89c257677ec83b73:0xbff3dba59c2c59bf!8m2!3d40.7434928!4d-74.0386072|title=415 Monroe Street|publisher=Google Maps|accessdate=October 6, 2015}}</ref> It was opened as a museum by Ed Shirak in 2001, but closed after five years due to maintenance issues.<ref name="NJ" />}} the only child of Italian immigrants [[Dolly Sinatra|Natalina "Dolly" Garaventa]] and [[Anthony Martin Sinatra|Antonino Martino "Marty" Sinatra]].{{Sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=3}}{{sfn|Petkov|Mustazza|1995|p=113}}{{efn|Other sources incorrectly say Catania.{{sfnm|1a1=Howlett|1y=1980|1p=5|2a1=Summers|2a2=Swan|2y=2010|2pp=22–25|3a1=Kaplan|3y=2011|3p=8: 415 Monroe Street}}}} Sinatra weighed {{convert|13.5|lbs}} at birth and had to be [[Childbirth#Second stage: fetal expulsion|delivered]] with the aid of [[Forceps in childbirth|forceps]], which caused severe scarring to his left cheek, neck, and ear, and perforated his eardrum—damage that remained for life.{{sfnm|1a1=Kelley|1y=1986|1p=13|2a1=Travis|2y=2001|2p=1|3a1=Turner|3y=2004|3p=4}} Due to his injuries at birth, his baptism at St. Francis Church in Hoboken was delayed until April 2, 1916.{{sfn|Sinatra|1995|p=16}} A childhood operation on his [[Mastoid part of the temporal bone|mastoid]] bone left major scarring on his neck, and during adolescence he suffered from [[Acne vulgaris|cystic acne]] that further scarred his face and neck.{{sfn|Kaplan|2011|pp=4–5}} Sinatra was raised [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a638/esq1003-oct-sinatra-rev/?click=main_sr|first=Gay|last=Talese|title=Frank Sinatra Has a Cold|work=Esquire|date=October 8, 2007|accessdate=October 12, 2010}}</ref>
Sinatra's mother was energetic and driven,{{sfn|Kaplan|2011|p=6}} and biographers believe that she was the dominant factor in the development of her son's personality traits and self-confidence.{{Sfnm|1a1=Rojek|1y=2004|1p=25|2a1=Santopietro|2y=2008|2p=15}} Sinatra's fourth wife [[Barbara Sinatra|Barbara]] would later claim that Dolly was abusive to him as a child, and "knocked him around a lot".{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=86}} Dolly became influential in Hoboken and in local [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] circles.{{sfn|Sann|1967|p=351}} She worked as a [[midwife]], earning $50 for each delivery,{{sfn|Kaplan|2011|pp=8–9}} and according to Sinatra biographer [[Kitty Kelley]], also ran an illegal abortion service that catered to Italian Catholic girls, for which she was nicknamed "Hatpin Dolly".{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=28}}{{efn|Dolly was reportedly arrested six or seven times and convicted twice for providing illegal abortions,{{sfnm|1a1=Kuntz|1a2=Kuntz|1y=2000|1p=36|2a1=Summers|2a2=Swan|2y=2010|2p=16}} the first of which was in 1937.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=29}}}} She also had a gift for languages and served as a local interpreter.{{sfn|Kaplan|2011|pp=6, 8–9}} Sinatra's illiterate father was a [[bantamweight]] boxer who fought under the name Marty O'Brien.{{sfnm|1a1=Howlett|1y=1980|1p=5|2a1=Kaplan|2y=2011|2p=7}} He later worked for 24 years at the Hoboken Fire Department, working his way up to captain.{{sfn|Goldstein|1982|p=2}} Sinatra spent much time at his parents' tavern in Hoboken,{{efn|In 1920, [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] of alcohol became law in the US. Dolly and Marty ran a tavern during those years, allowed to operate openly by local officials who refused to enforce the law.{{sfn|Kaplan|2011|pp=9–11}}}} working on his homework and occasionally singing a song on top of the [[player piano]] for spare change.{{sfn|Kaplan|2011|p=11}} During the [[Great Depression]], Dolly provided money to her son for outings with friends and to buy expensive clothes, resulting in neighbors describing him as the "best-dressed kid in the neighborhood".{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=20–23}} Excessively thin and small as a child and young man, Sinatra's skinny frame later became a staple of jokes during stage shows.<ref name="SS">''Sinatra at the Sands'' (1966), [[Reprise Records]]</ref>{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=193}}
Sinatra developed an interest in music, particularly [[big band]] jazz, at a young age.{{sfn|Rojek|2004|p=135}} He listened to [[Gene Austin]], [[Rudy Vallée]], [[Russ Colombo]], and [[Bob Eberly]], and idolized [[Bing Crosby]].{{sfn|Lahr|2000|p=56}} Sinatra's maternal uncle, Domenico, gave him a [[ukulele]] for his 15th birthday, and he began performing at family gatherings.{{sfn|Donnelley|2003|p=642}} Sinatra attended David E. Rue Jr. High School from 1928,{{Sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=8}} and A. J. Demarest High School (since renamed as [[Hoboken High School]]) in 1931, where he arranged bands for school dances.{{sfn|Donnelley|2003|p=642}} He left without graduating, having attended only 47 days before being expelled for "general rowdiness".{{sfnm|1a1=Hodge|1y=1992|1p=8|2a1=Rojek|2y=2004|2p=135}} To please his mother, he enrolled at Drake Business School, but departed after 11 months.{{sfn|Donnelley|2003|p=642}} Dolly found Sinatra work as a delivery boy at the ''Jersey Observer'' newspaper, where his godfather Frank Garrick worked,{{efn|Sinatra's loss of employment at the newspaper led to a life-long rift with Garrick. Dolly said of it, "My son is like me. You cross him, he never forgets."{{sfn|Lahr|2000|p=54}}}} and after that, Sinatra was a riveter at the Tietjen and Lang shipyard.{{sfn|Summers|Swan|2010|pp=44, 47}} He performed in local Hoboken social clubs such as The Cat's Meow and The Comedy Club, and sang for free on radio stations such as [[WNYM|WAAT]] in Jersey City.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=44–45}} In New York, Sinatra found jobs singing for his supper or for cigarettes.{{sfn|Donnelley|2003|p=642}} To improve his speech, he began taking [[elocution]] lessons for a dollar each from vocal coach John Quinlan, who was one of the first people to notice his impressive vocal range.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=45}}
== Music career ==
{{Main|Frank Sinatra discography}}
=== Hoboken Four and Harry James (1935–1939) ===
[[File:The Hoboken Four on the Major Bowes Amateur Hour.jpg|thumb|left|Sinatra (''far right'') with the [[Hoboken Four]] on Major Bowes' Amateur Hour in 1935]]
Sinatra began singing professionally as a teenager, but he [[Learning music by ear|learned music by ear]] and never learned to read music.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/music/top-ten-things-that-make-frank-sinatra-cool-6614026 | title=Top Ten Things That Make Frank Sinatra Cool | work=Phoenix New Times | date=July 7, 2011 | accessdate=September 28, 2015 | author=D'Andrea, Niki}}</ref>{{sfn|Young|Young|2007|p=474}} He got his first break in 1935 when his mother persuaded a local singing group, the [[Hoboken Four|3 Flashes]], to let him join. Fred Tamburro, the group's [[baritone]], stated that "Frank hung around us like we were gods or something", admitting that they only took him on board because he owned a car{{efn|Nancy Sinatra notes that he owned a Chrysler and people would show amazement that such a young kid could afford it.{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=18}}}} and could chauffeur the group around. Sinatra soon learned they were auditioning for the ''[[Major Bowes Amateur Hour]]'' show, and "begged" the group to let him in on the act.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=39}} With Sinatra, the group became known as the Hoboken Four, and passed an audition from [[Edward Bowes]] to appear on the ''[[Major Bowes Amateur Hour]]'' show. They each earned $12.50 for the appearance,{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=25}} and ended up attracting 40,000 votes and won first prize—a six-month contract to perform on stage and radio across the United States.{{sfn|Rojek|2004|p=40}} Sinatra quickly became the group's lead singer, and, much to the jealousy of his fellow group members, garnered most of the attention from girls.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=42}}{{efn|The jealousy exhibited by the group members often led to brawls in which they would beat up the small, skinny young Sinatra.{{sfn|Quirk|Schoell|1999|pp=19–20}}}} Due to the success of the group, Bowes kept asking for them to return, disguised under different names, varying from "The Secaucus Cockamamies" to "The Bayonne Bacalas".<ref name="SS" />
[[File:Harry James Billboard 4.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Harry James]] in 1942]]
In 1938, Sinatra found employment as a singing waiter at a [[Roadhouse (facility)#United States|roadhouse]] called "The Rustic Cabin" in [[Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey]], for which he was paid $15 a week.{{sfnm|1a1=Hodge|1y=1992|1p=11|2a1=Rojek|2y=2004|2p=41}} The roadhouse was connected to the [[WBBR|WNEW]] radio station in New York City, and he began performing with a group live during the ''Dance Parade'' show.{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=27}} Despite the low salary, Sinatra felt that this was the break he was looking for, and boasted to friends that he was going to "become so big that no one could ever touch him".{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=46}} In March 1939, saxophone player Frank Mane, who knew Sinatra from Jersey City radio station WAAT where both performed on live broadcasts, arranged for him to audition and record "[[Our Love (song)|Our Love]]", his first solo studio recording.<ref name=CoyneK />{{efn| Only one copy of this recording was made, a 78 rpm disc. Mane wrote "Frank Sinatra" on the record label and kept the recording in a drawer through the years, giving Sinatra a copy on a cassette tape as a gift in 1979. Mane died in 1998, only months after Sinatra's death; in 2006, Mane's widow offered the recording for sale through Gurnsey's auction house in New York.<ref name=CoyneK>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F05E4D71F30F931A15753C1A9609C8B63|author=Coyne, Kevin|date=October 22, 2006|title= Sinatra's First, Freed at Last|work=The New York Times|accessdate=September 1, 2015}}</ref>}} In June, bandleader [[Harry James]], who had heard Sinatra sing on "Dance Parade", signed a two-year contract of $75 a week one evening after a show at the [[Paramount Theatre (New York City)|Paramount Theatre]] in New York.{{sfnm|1a1=Kelley|1y=1986|1p=53|2a1=Ingham|2y=2005|2p=9}}{{efn|The only sticking point was that James wanted Sinatra to change his name to Frankie Satin, as he thought that Sinatra sounded too Italian.{{sfn|Rotella|2010|p=8}} Neither Sinatra, nor his mother, would agree to this; he told James that his cousin, [[Ray Sinatra]], was a bandleader in Boston, kept his own name and was doing well with it. James actually knew Ray Sinatra, so he did not press the issue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/artist/463189-Ray-Sinatra|title=Ray Sinatra|publisher=[[discogs]]|accessdate=September 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MykEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT66#v=onepage&q=frank%20sinatra|title=The Sinatra Report|date=November 20, 1965|author=Simon, George T.|work=Billboard|accessdate=September 1, 2015}}</ref>}} It was with the James band that Sinatra released his first commercial record "From the Bottom of My Heart" in July. No more than 8,000 copies of the record were sold,{{sfn|Petkov|Mustazza|1995|p=85}} and further records released with James through 1939, such as "All or Nothing At All", also had weak sales on their initial release.<ref name=rollingstone>{{cite news|title=Frank Sinatra|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/frank-sinatra/biography| work=Rolling Stone|accessdate=September 19, 2011}}</ref> Thanks to his vocal training, Sinatra could now sing two tones higher, and developed a repertoire which included songs such as "[[My Buddy (song)|My Buddy]]", "[[Willow Weep for Me]]", "[[It's Funny to Everyone But Me]]", "Here Comes the Night", "[[On a Little Street in Singapore]]", "[[Ciribiribin]]", and "Every Day of My Life".{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=55}}
[[File:Tommy dorsey playing trombone.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tommy Dorsey]] in ''[[The Fabulous Dorseys]]'' (1947)]]
Sinatra became increasingly frustrated with the status of the Harry James band, feeling that he was not achieving the major success and acclaim he was looking for. His pianist and close friend [[Hank Sanicola]] persuaded him to stay with the group,{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=54}} but in November 1939 he left James to replace Jack Leonard{{efn|the vocalist, not to be confused with the comedian [[Jack E. Leonard]].}} as the lead singer of the [[Tommy Dorsey]] band. Sinatra signed a contract with Dorsey for $125 a week, appearing at the Palmer House in [[Chicago]],{{sfn|Wood|1996|p=135}} and James agreed amicably to release Sinatra from his contract.<ref name=pc1a>{{Pop Chronicles 40s|1|A}}</ref>{{efn|Sinatra acknowledged his debt to James throughout his life, and upon hearing of James' death in 1983, stated: "he is the one that made it all possible."{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=24}}}} On January 26, 1940, he made his first public appearance with the band at the [[Coronado Theatre]] in [[Rockford, Illinois]],{{sfn|Silva|2000|p=12}} opening the show with "[[Stardust (1927 song)|Stardust]]".{{sfn|Lees|1998|p=94}} Dorsey recalled: "You could almost feel the excitement coming up out of the crowds when the kid stood up to sing. Remember, he was no [[matinée idol]]. He was just a skinny kid with big ears. I used to stand there so amazed I'd almost forget to take my own solos".{{sfn|Lahr|2000|pp=59–60}} Dorsey was a major influence on Sinatra and became a [[father figure]]. Sinatra copied Dorsey's mannerisms and traits, becoming a demanding perfectionist like him, even adopting his hobby of toy trains. He asked Dorsey to be godfather to his daughter [[Nancy Sinatra|Nancy]] in June 1940.{{sfnm|1a1=Kelley|1y=1986|1pp=59–60|2a1=Lahr|2y=2000|2p=59}} Sinatra later said that "The only two people I've ever been afraid of are my mother and Tommy Dorsey".{{sfn|Kaplan|2011|p=1}} Though Kelley claims that Sinatra and drummer [[Buddy Rich]] were bitter rivals,{{efn|Kelley claims that arguments and fights regularly broke out between Sinatra and Rich, who were both arrogant with volatile tempers. In one incident witnessed by Stafford backstage at the [[Astor Hotel]] in New York, Rich called Sinatra a name and Sinatra threw a heavy glass pitcher filled with water and ice at Rich's head. In another incident at the [[Golden Gate Theater]] in San Francisco, Rich reportedly attempted to ram Sinatra against the wall with his high F cymbal.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=58–59}}}} other authors state that they were friends and even roommates when the band was on the road, but professional jealousy surfaced as both men wanted to be considered the star of Dorsey's band. Later, Sinatra helped Rich form his own band with a $25,000 loan and provided financial help to Rich during times of the drummer's serious illness.{{sfnm|1a1=Shaw|1y=1968|1p=34|2a1=Consiglio|2a2=Douskey|2y=2011|2p=135}}
In his first year with Dorsey, Sinatra recorded over forty songs. Sinatra's first vocal hit was the song "[[Polka Dots and Moonbeams]]" in late April 1940.{{sfn|Whitburn|1986|p=136}} Two more chart appearances followed with "[[Say It (Frank Sinatra song)|Say It]]" and "[[Imagination (1940 song)|Imagination]]", which was Sinatra's first top-10 hit.{{sfn|Whitburn|1986|p=136}} His fourth chart appearance was "[[I'll Never Smile Again]]", topping the charts for twelve weeks beginning in mid-July.{{sfnm|1a1=Whitburn|1y=1986|1p=136|2a1=Summers|2a2=Swan|2y=2010|2p=91}} Other records with Tommy Dorsey issued by [[RCA Victor]] include "[[Our Love Affair]]" and "Stardust" in 1940; "[[Oh! Look at Me Now]]", "[[Dolores (song)|Dolores]]", "[[Everything Happens to Me (song)|Everything Happens to Me]]", and "[[This Love of Mine]]" in 1941; "[[Just as Though You Were There]]", "[[Take Me (song)|Take Me]]", and "[[There Are Such Things]]" in 1942; and "[[It Started All Over Again]]", "[[In the Blue of Evening]]", and "[[It's Always You]]" in 1943.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=567–568}} As his success and popularity grew, Sinatra pushed Dorsey to allow him to record some solo songs. Dorsey eventually relented, and on January 19, 1942, Sinatra recorded "[[Night and Day (song)|Night and Day]]", "[[The Night We Called It a Day (song)|The Night We Called It a Day]]", "[[The Song is You]]", and "[[Lamplighter's Serenade]]" at a Bluebird recording session, with [[Axel Stordahl]] as arranger and conductor.{{sfnm|1a1=Kelley|1y=1986|1p=67|2a1=Lees|2y=1998|2p=97}} Sinatra first heard the recordings at the [[Hollywood Palladium]] and [[Hollywood Plaza Hotel|Hollywood Plaza]] and was astounded at how good he sounded. Stordahl recalled: "He just couldn't believe his ears. He was so excited, you almost believed he had never recorded before. I think this was a turning point in his career. I think he began to see what he might do on his own".{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=67}}
After the 1942 recordings, Sinatra believed he needed to go solo,{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=67–68}} with an insatiable desire to compete with Bing Crosby,{{efn|Sinatra said: "The reason I wanted to leave Tommy's band was that Crosby was Number One, way up on top of the pile. In the open field, you might say, were some awfully good singers with the orchestras. [[Bob Eberly]] (with [[Jimmy Dorsey]]) was a fabulous vocalist. [[Perry Como|Mr. Como]] (with [[Ted Weems]]) is such a wonderful singer. I thought, if I don't make a move out of this and try to do it on my own soon, one of those guys will do it, and I'll have to fight all three of them to get a position".{{sfn|Lahr|2000|p=60}}}} but he was hampered by his contract which gave Dorsey 43% of Sinatra's lifetime earnings in the entertainment industry.{{sfn|Lahr|2000|p=60}} A legal battle ensued, eventually settled in August 1942.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=70}}{{efn|Sinatra's lawyer, Henry Jaffe, met with Dorsey's lawyer N. Joseph Ross in Los Angeles in August 1943. In the words of Kelley: "In the end, MCA, an agency representing Dorsey and courting Sinatra, made Dorsey a $60,000 offer that he accepted. To obtain Frank as a client, the agency paid Dorsey $35,000 while Sinatra paid $25,000, which he borrowed from Manie Sacks as an advance against his royalties from Columbia Records. MCA agreed that until 1948 it would split its commissions on Sinatra with GAC, the agency that Frank had signed with when he left the Dorsey band."{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=70}} However, during a 1979 concert at the [[Universal Amphitheatre]] in Los Angeles, Sinatra claimed that it took him years to escape the contract, and that Dorsey had cost him seven million dollars.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=72}}}} On September 3, 1942, Dorsey bade farewell to Sinatra, reportedly saying as Sinatra left, "I hope you fall on your ass".{{sfn|Lahr|2000|p=60}} He replaced Sinatra with singer [[Dick Haymes]].<ref name=pc1a /> Rumors began spreading in newspapers that Sinatra's mobster godfather, [[Willie Moretti]], coerced Dorsey to let Sinatra out of his contract for a few thousand dollars, holding a gun to his head.{{sfn|Anastasia|Macnow|Pistone|2011|p=301}}{{efn|The incident started rumors of Sinatra's involvement with the [[American Mafia|Mafia]], and was fictionalized in the book and film ''The Godfather''.{{sfn|Levinson|2009|p=161}}}} Sinatra persuaded Stordahl to leave Dorsey with him and become his personal arranger, offering him $650 a month, five times the salary of Dorsey.{{Sfn|Goldstein|1982|p=9}} Dorsey and Sinatra, who had been very close, never patched up their differences before Dorsey's death in 1956, worsened by the fact that Dorsey occasionally made biting comments to the press such as "he's the most fascinating man in the world, but don't put your hand in the cage".{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=71}}
=== Onset of Sinatramania and role in World War II (1942–1945) ===
{{quote|Perfectly simple: It was the war years and there was a great loneliness, and I was the boy in every corner drugstore, the boy who'd gone off drafted to the war. That's all.|Sinatra, on his popularity with young women<ref name="tcm">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/194235%7C0/Ship-Ahoy.html |title=Ship Ahoy |last=Arnold |first=Jeremy |website=Turner Classic Movies |access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref>}}
By May 1941, Sinatra topped the male singer polls in ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' and ''[[DownBeat]]'' magazines.{{sfn|Summers|Swan|2010|p=94}} His appeal to [[Bobby soxer (music)|bobby soxers]], as teenage girls of that time were called, revealed a whole new audience for popular music, which had been recorded mainly for adults up to that time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/century/1940-1949/Story/0,,127764,00.html|title=Frank Sinatra and the 'bobby-soxers|work= The Guardian|location=London|date=January 10, 1945|accessdate=June 2, 2012}}</ref> The phenomenon became officially known as "Sinatramania" after his "legendary opening" at the Paramount Theatre in New York on December 30, 1942.{{sfn|Lahr|2000|p=60}} According to Nancy Sinatra, [[Jack Benny]] later said, "I thought the goddamned building was going to cave in. I never heard such a commotion ... All this for a fellow I never heard of."{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=44}} Sinatra performed for four weeks at the theatre, his act following the [[Benny Goodman]] orchestra, after which his contract was renewed for another four weeks by Bob Weitman due to his popularity. He became known as "Swoonatra" or "The Voice", and his fans "Sinatratics". They organized meetings and sent masses of letters of adoration, and within a few weeks of the show, some 1000 Sinatra fan clubs had been reported across the US.{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=76}} Sinatra's publicist, George Evans, encouraged interviews and photographs with fans, and was the man responsible for depicting Sinatra as a vulnerable, shy, Italian–American with a rough childhood who made good.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=78, 99}} When Sinatra returned to the Paramount in October 1944 only 250 persons left the first show, and 35,000 fans left outside caused a near riot, known as the Columbus Day Riot, outside the venue because they were not allowed in.{{sfn|Roby|2010|p=111}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/11/frank-sinatra-pop-star|title=The Columbus Day riot: Frank Sinatra is pop's first star |work=The Guardian|date=June 11, 2011|accessdate=October 19, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Booker|2004|p=79}} Such was the bobby-soxer devotion to Sinatra that they were known to write Sinatra's song titles on their clothing, bribe hotel maids for an opportunity to touch his bed, and accost his person in the form of stealing clothing he was wearing, most commonly his [[bow-tie]].{{sfn|Booker|2004|pp=79–80}}
Sinatra signed with [[Columbia Records]] as a solo artist on June 1, 1943 during the [[1942–44 musicians' strike]].{{sfnm|1a1=Sinatra|1y=1986|1p=60|2a1=Ackelson|2y=1992|2p=6}} Columbia Records re-released Harry James and Sinatra's August 1939 version of "All or Nothing at All",{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=24}} which reached number 2 on June 2, and was on the best-selling list for 18 weeks.{{sfn|Peters|O'Brien|Sayers|1982|pp=123, 157}} He initially had great success,{{sfn|Shaw|1968|p=67}} and performed on the radio on ''[[Your Hit Parade]]'' from February 1943 until December 1944,{{sfn|Tyler|2007|p=267}} and on stage. Columbia wanted new recordings of their growing star as quickly as possible, so [[Alec Wilder]] was hired as an arranger and [[Conducting|conductor]] for several sessions with a vocal group called the Bobby Tucker Singers.{{sfn|Friedwald|1995|p=133}} These first sessions were on June 7, June 22, August 5, and November 10, 1943. Of the nine songs recorded during these sessions, seven charted on the best-selling list.<ref>{{cite journal|type=CD booklet|title=Frank Sinatra: The Columbia Years: 1943–1952, The Complete Recordings|year=1993}}</ref> That year he also made his first solo nightclub appearance at New York's [[Riobamba (nightclub)|Riobamba]],{{sfn|Kaplan|2010|pp=88–89}} and a successful concert in the Wedgewood Room of the prestigious [[Waldorf-Astoria New York]] that year secured his popularity in New York high society.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=93–95}} Sinatra released "[[You'll Never Know]]", "[[Close to You (1943 song)|Close to You]]", "[[Sunday, Monday, or Always]]" and "[[People Will Say We're in Love]]" as singles. By the end of 1943 he was more popular in a ''DownBeat'' poll than Bing Crosby, [[Perry Como]], [[Bob Eberly]], and [[Dick Haymes]].{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=96, 568}}
[[File:Sinatra Shore Crosby AFRS.jpg|thumb|left|Sinatra (''left'') on the Armed Forces Radio in 1944]]
Sinatra did not serve in the military during World War II. On December 11, 1943, he was officially classified [[Class 1-A|4-F]] ("Registrant not acceptable for military service") by his draft board because of a perforated eardrum. However, U.S. Army files reported that Sinatra was "not acceptable material from a psychiatric viewpoint", but his emotional instability was hidden to avoid "undue unpleasantness for both the selectee and the induction service".{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=45}} Briefly, there were rumors reported by columnist [[Walter Winchell]] that Sinatra paid $40,000 to avoid the service, but the FBI found this to be without merit.<ref>{{cite book|work=Billboard|title=Sinatra FBI Files Opened|first=Bill|last=Holland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQoEAAAAMBAJ&q=walter+winchell#v=snippet&q=walter%20winchell|date=December 19, 1998|page=10|issn=0006-2510}}</ref>{{sfn|Newton|2003|p=314}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://vault.fbi.gov/Frank%20Sinatra|title=Vault {{ndash}} Frank Sinatra|publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]|location=USA|accessdate=October 20, 2015}}</ref> Toward the end of the war, Sinatra entertained the troops during several successful overseas [[USO]] tours with comedian [[Phil Silvers]].{{sfn|Andrews|Gilbert|1993|p=293}} During one trip to Rome he met the [[Pope Pius XII|Pope]], who asked him if he was an operatic tenor.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=115–116}} Sinatra worked frequently with the popular [[The Andrews Sisters|Andrews Sisters]] in radio in the 1940s,{{sfn|Nimmo|2004|p=228}} and many USO shows were broadcast to troops via the [[Armed Forces Radio Service]] (AFRS).{{sfn|Sforza|2015|p=80}} In 1944 Sinatra released "[[I Couldn't Sleep a Wink Last Night]]" as a single and recorded his own version of Crosby's "[[White Christmas (song)|White Christmas]]", and the following year he released "[[I Dream of You (More Than You Dream I Do)]]", "[[Saturday Night (Is the Loneliest Night of the Week)]]", "[[Dream (1944 song)|Dream]]", and "[[Nancy (with the Laughing Face)]]" as singles.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=568}}
=== Columbia years and career slump (1946–1952) ===
[[File:Frank Sinatra Metronome magazine November 1950.JPG|thumb|Sinatra in November 1950]]
Despite being heavily involved in political activity in 1945 and 1946, in those two years Sinatra sang on 160 radio shows, recorded 36 times, and shot four films. By 1946 he was performing on stage up to 45 times a week, singing up to 100 songs daily, and earning up to $93,000 a week.{{Sfn|Summers|Swan|2010|p=150}}
In 1946 Sinatra released "[[Oh! What it Seemed to Be]]", "[[Day by Day (1945 song)|Day by Day]]", "[[They Say It's Wonderful]]", "[[Five Minutes More]]", and "[[The Coffee Song]]" as singles,{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=569}} and launched his first album, ''[[The Voice of Frank Sinatra]]'',{{sfn|Rojek|2004|p=43}} which reached No. 1 on the Billboard chart. William Ruhlmann of AllMusic wrote that Sinatra "took the material very seriously, singing the love lyrics with utter seriousness", and that his "singing and the classically influenced settings gave the songs unusual depth of meaning".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-voice-of-frank-sinatra-mw0000659223|title=The Voice of Frank Sinatra|website=AllMusic|accessdate=October 28, 2015}}</ref> He was soon selling ten million records a year.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=129}} Such was Sinatra's command at Columbia that his love of conducting was indulged with the release of the set ''[[Frank Sinatra Conducts the Music of Alec Wilder]]'', an offering unlikely to appeal to Sinatra's core fanbase at the time, which consisted of teenage girls.{{sfn|Gigliotti|2002|p=21}} The following year he released his second album, ''[[Songs by Sinatra]]'', featuring songs of a similar mood and tempo such as [[Irving Berlin]]'s "[[How Deep is the Ocean?]]" and [[Harold Arlen]]'s and [[Jerome Kern]]'s "[[All The Things You Are]]".{{sfn|Osborne|2014|p=98}} "[[Mam'selle]]", composed by [[Edmund Goulding]] with lyrics by [[Mack Gordon]] for the film ''[[The Razor's Edge (1946 film)|The Razor's Edge]]'' (1946),{{Sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=236}} was released as a single.{{Sfn|Kelley|1986|p=569}} Sinatra had competition; versions by [[Art Lund]], [[Dick Haymes]], [[Dennis Day]], and The Pied Pipers also reached the top ten of the ''Billboard'' charts.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6h8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA23#v=onepage&q=Mam'selle%20billboard|work=Billboard|title=Most Played Juke Box Records|p=23|date=May 31, 1947|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> In December he recorded "[[Sweet Lorraine]]" with the [[Metronome All-Stars]], featuring talented jazz musicians such as [[Coleman Hawkins]], [[Harry Carney]] and [[Charlie Shavers]], with [[Nat King Cole]] on piano, in what Charles L. Granata describes as "one of the highlights of Sinatra's Columbia epoch".{{Sfn|Granata|2003|p=50}}
Sinatra's third album, ''[[Christmas Songs by Sinatra]]'', was originally released in 1948 as a 78 rpm album set,{{sfn|Granata|2003|pp=47–48}} and a 10" LP record was released two years later.{{sfn|Larkin|2002|p=397}} When Sinatra was featured as a priest in ''[[The Miracle of the Bells]]'', due to press negativity surrounding his alleged Mafia connections at the time,{{efn|Sinatra was spotted in Havana in 1946 with mobster [[Lucky Luciano]], which started a series of negative press articles, implicating Sinatra with the Mafia.{{sfn|Hanna|1998|p=21}} In 1947 he was involved in a violent incident with journalist [[Lee Mortimer]], who had written some of the most scathing articles on his alleged connections. Kelley claims that his articles grew so offensive that Sinatra pounced on him outside Ciro's and punched him behind the left ear in response to an insult in which he was called a "dago". Sinatra was taken to court, and according to Kelley, Mortimer received Mafia threats to drop the case or lose his life.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=139–141}}}} it was announced to the public that Sinatra would donate his $100,000 in wages from the film to the [[Catholic Church]].{{sfn|Hanna|1998|p=21}} By the end of 1948, Sinatra had slipped to fourth on ''DownBeat''{{'}}s annual poll of most popular singers (behind [[Billy Eckstine]], [[Frankie Laine]], and Bing Crosby).{{sfn|Summers|Swan|2010|p=149}} and in the following year he was pushed out of the top spots in polls for the first time since 1943.{{Sfn|Kelley|1986|p=158}} ''[[Frankly Sentimental]]'' (1949) was panned by ''DownBeat'', who commented that "for all his talent, it seldom comes to life".{{Sfn|Shaw|1968|p=131}}
Though "[[The Hucklebuck]]" reached the top ten,{{Sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=301}} it was his last single release under the Columbia label.{{Sfn|Kelley|1986|p=569}} Sinatra's last two albums with Columbia, ''[[Dedicated to You (Frank Sinatra album)|Dedicated to You]]'' and ''[[Sing and Dance with Frank Sinatra]]'', were released in 1950.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=218}} Sinatra would later feature a number of the ''Sing and Dance with Frank Sinatra'' album's songs, including "[[Lover (Rodgers and Hart song)|Lover]]", "[[It's Only a Paper Moon (song)|It's Only a Paper Moon]]", "[[It All Depends on You]]", on his 1961 Capitol release, ''[[Sinatra's Swingin' Session!!!]]''.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=67}}
Cementing the low of his career was the death of publicist George Evans from a heart attack in January 1950 at 48. According to [[Jimmy Van Heusen]], Sinatra's close friend and songwriter, Evans's death to him was "an enormous shock which defies words", as he had been crucial to his career and popularity with the bobbysoxers.{{Sfn|Kelley|1986|p=161}} Sinatra's reputation continued to decline as reports broke out in February of his affair with Ava Gardner and the destruction of his marriage to Nancy,{{sfn|Small|2009|p=59}} though he insisted that his marriage had long been over even before he had met Gardner.{{Sfn|Kelley|1986|p=162}} In April, Sinatra was engaged to perform at the [[Copacabana (nightclub)|Copa]] club in New York, but had to cancel five days of the booking due to suffering a submucosal hemorrhage of the throat.{{Sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=168–169}} Evans once said that whenever Sinatra suffered from a bad throat and loss of voice it was always due to emotional tension which "absolutely destroyed him".{{Sfn|Summers|Swan|2010|p=151}}
[[File:The Desert Inn Vegas 1968.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Desert Inn]], Las Vegas, where Sinatra began performing in 1951]]
In financial difficulty following his divorce and career decline, Sinatra was forced to borrow $200,000 from Columbia to pay his back taxes after MCA refused to front the money.{{Sfn|Kelley|1986|p=172}} Rejected by Hollywood, he turned to [[Las Vegas]] and made his debut at the [[Desert Inn]] in September 1951,{{sfn|Shaw|1982|p=48}} and also began singing at the Riverside Hotel in [[Reno, Nevada]]. Sinatra became one of Las Vegas's pioneer [[concert residency|residency]] entertainers,<ref>{{cite book|title=The New York Times Biographical Service, Volume 29 – Las Vegas Playground And Kennedy Campaign|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eN8zAQAAIAAJ|date=May 1998|publisher=New York Times & Arno Press|page=745}}</ref> and a prominent figure on the Vegas scene [[Las Vegas in the 1950s|throughout the 1950s]] and 1960s onwards, a period described by Rojek as the "high-water mark" of Sinatra's "hedonism and self absorption". Rojek notes that the [[Rat Pack]] "provided an outlet for gregarious banter and wisecracks", but argues that it was Sinatra's vehicle, possessing an "unassailable command over the other performers".{{sfn|Rojek|2004|p=136}} Sinatra would fly to Las Vegas from Los Angeles in Van Heusen's single-engine plane.{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=97}} On October 4, 1953, Sinatra made his first performance at the [[Sands Hotel and Casino]], after an invitation by the manager [[Jack Entratter]],{{sfn|Clarke|2004|p=189}} who had previously worked at the Copa in New York.{{sfn|Ainlay|Gabaldon|2003|p=108}} Sinatra typically performed there three times a year, and later acquired a share in the hotel.{{sfnm|1a1=Kelley|1y=1986|1p=243|2a1=Kaplan|2y=2011|2p=656}}{{efn|Sinatra bought a two percent share in the hotel for $54,000.{{sfn|Kaplan|2011|p=656}} At one point the share reached nine percent.{{Sfn|Kelley|1986|p=245}} He was reportedly ordered to sell his interest in the Sands in 1963, due to his association with mobster [[Sam Giancana]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2881720/sinatra_drives_golf_cart_through_sands/|title=Sinatra Hit in Mouth in Vegas Melee|work=The Times ([[San Mateo, California]])|date=September 12, 1967|page=8|accessdate=July 29, 2015| via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref>}}
Sinatra's decline in popularity was evident at his concert appearances. At a brief run at the Paramount in New York he drew small audiences.{{sfn|Summers|Swan|2010|p=164}} At the Desert Inn in Las Vegas he performed to half-filled houses of wildcatters and ranchers.{{sfn|Summers|Swan|2010|p=529}} At a concert at [[Chez Paree]] in Chicago, only 150 people in a 1,200-seat capacity venue turned up to see him.{{sfn|Kaplan|2011|p=529}} By April 1952 he was performing at the [[Kauai County Fair]] in Hawaii.{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=93}} Sinatra's relationship with Columbia Records was also disintegrating, with [[Artists and repertoire|A&R]] executive [[Mitch Miller]] claiming he "couldn't give away" the singer's records.{{sfn|Summers|Swan|2010|p=164}}{{efn|Miller tried to offset Sinatra's declining record sales by introducing "gimmicky novel tunes" into the singer's repertoire such as "Mama Will Bark" to appeal to younger audiences.<ref name="columbia-yrs-hemming-36">{{Cite AV media notes |title=The Best of the Columbia Years: 1943–1952 |title-link=The Best of the Columbia Years: 1943–1952 |year=1995 |chapter=Sinatra Standards |first=Hemming |last=Roy |page=36 |type=booklet |publisher=SONY Music Entertainment |id=C4K 64681 |location=New York }}</ref>{{sfn|Kaplan|2011|pp=476–477}} "Mama Will Bark" is often cited as the worst of Sinatra's career. Miller thought he would try this novelty approach for Sinatra because he felt the singer's "great records" weren't selling.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=74}} Initially, Sinatra went along with this approach, but eventually he came to resent Miller for the poor quality of material he was being offered.{{sfn|Kaplan|2011|pp=476, 509}}}} Though several notable recordings were made during this time period, such as "[[I Could Write a Book|If I Could Write a Book]]" in January 1952, which Granata sees as a "turning point", forecasting his later work with its sensitivity,{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=74}} Columbia and MCA dropped him later that year.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=76}} His last studio recording for Columbia, "Why Try To Change Me Now", was recorded in New York on September 17, 1952, with orchestra arranged and conducted by [[Percy Faith]].{{sfn|Kaplan|2011|p=535}} Journalist [[Burt Boyar]] observed, "Sinatra had had it. It was sad. From the top to the bottom in one horrible lesson."{{sfn|Summers|Swan|2010|p=164}}
=== Career revival and the Capitol years (1953–1962) ===
[[File:Nelson Riddle 1958.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Nelson Riddle]], Sinatra's album arranger for Capitol Records]]
The release of the film ''[[From Here to Eternity]]'' in August 1953 marked the beginning of a remarkable career revival.{{sfn|Kidder|Oppenheim|2008|p=157}} [[Tom Santopietro]] notes that Sinatra began to bury himself in his work, with an "unparalleled frenetic schedule of recordings, movies and concerts",{{Sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=187}} in what authors Anthony Summers and Robbyn Swan describe as "a new and brilliant phase".{{sfn|Summers|Swan|2010|p=188}} On March 13, 1953, Sinatra met with Capitol Records vice president [[Alan Livingston]] and signed a seven-year recording contract.{{sfn|Kaplan|2011|pp=601}} His first session for Capitol took place at KHJ studios at Studio C, 5515 Melrose Avenue in Los Angeles, with Axel Stordahl conducting.{{sfn|Kaplan|2011|pp=604, 615}} The session produced four recordings, including "[[I'm Walking Behind You]]",{{sfn|Kaplan|2011|p=604}} Sinatra's first Capitol single.{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=101}} After spending two weeks on location in Hawaii filming ''From Here to Eternity'', Sinatra returned to KHJ on April 30 for his first recording session with [[Nelson Riddle]], an established arranger and conductor at Capitol who was Nat King Cole's musical director.{{sfn|Kaplan|2011|pp=614–615, 618}} After recording the first song, "[[I've Got the World on a String]]", Sinatra offered Riddle a rare expression of praise, "Beautiful!",{{sfn|Kaplan|2011|p=616}} and after listening to the playbacks, he could not hide his enthusiasm, exclaiming, "I'm back, baby, I'm back!"{{sfn|Summers|Swan|2010|p=191}}
In subsequent sessions in May and November 1953,{{sfn|Kline|1990|p=33}} Sinatra and Riddle developed and refined their musical collaboration, with Sinatra providing specific guidance on the arrangements.{{sfn|Summers|Swan|2010|p=191}} Sinatra's first album for Capitol, ''[[Songs for Young Lovers]]'', was released on January 4, 1954, and included "[[A Foggy Day]]", "[[I Get a Kick Out of You]]", "[[My Funny Valentine]]", "[[Violets for Your Furs]]" and "[[They Can't Take That Away from Me]]",{{sfnm|1a1=Kline|1y=1990|1p=18|2a1=Granata|2y=2003|2p=91}} songs which became staples of his later concerts.<ref name="SS" /><ref name="SC57" /> That same month, Sinatra released the single "[[Young at Heart (Frank Sinatra song)|Young at Heart]]", which reached #2 and was awarded Song of the Year.{{sfnm|1a1=Sinatra|1y=1986|1p=103|2a1=O'Brien|2y=2014}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sinatrafamily.com/single/young-at-heart-125/|title=Young at Heart|publisher=Sinatra Discography|accessdate=September 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/young-at-heart-mw0000867619/awards|title=Young at Heart album awards|website=AllMusic|accessdate=September 5, 2015}}</ref>{{efn|Sinatra was not very enthusiastic about the song initially. His friend, Jimmy Van Heusen, convinced him that the song would be a success.{{sfn|O'Brien|2014}} ''Young at Heart'' was produced by Day's husband at the time, [[Marty Melcher]], whom Sinatra detested. Their feud grew worse when Melcher suggested that Day sing "Young at Heart" as the film's title song when Sinatra's recording of the song was already a hit. Day conceded that she did not care whose voice was heard singing the film's title song. Because of the rift, the ''Young at Heart'' soundtrack album contains all the songs heard in the film but the title ''Young at Heart''. Sinatra's hit recording is heard at the beginning and end of the film.{{sfn|Bret|2014|p=63}}}} In March, he recorded and released the single "[[Three Coins in the Fountain (song)|Three Coins in the Fountain]]", a "powerful ballad"<ref name="Inc.1954">{{cite book|work=Billboard|title=The Billboard Music Popularity Charts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YB8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22|date=May 8, 1954|page=22|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> that reached #4.{{sfn|Kline|1990|p=19}} Sinatra's second album with Riddle, ''[[Swing Easy!]]'', which reflected his "love for the jazz idiom" according to Granata,{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=91}} was released on August 2 of that year and included "[[Just One of Those Things (song)|Just One of Those Things]]", "[[Taking a Chance on Love]]", "[[Get Happy (song)|Get Happy]]", and "[[All of Me (Ruth Etting song)|All of Me]]".{{sfn|Kline|1990|p=19}}<ref name="Inc.1965">{{cite book|work=Billboard|title=The Sinatra Discography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MykEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT117|date=November 20, 1965|page=117|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> ''Swing Easy!'' was named Album of the Year by ''Billboard'', and he was also named "Favorite Male Vocalist" by ''Billboard'', ''DownBeat'', and ''[[Metronome]]'' that year.{{sfnm|1a1=Sinatra|1y=1986|1p=103|2a1=Evanier|2y=2011|2p=99}}<ref>{{cite book|work=Billboard|title=Artists Favorites|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LCEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42|date=November 13, 1954|page=42|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> Sinatra came to consider Riddle "the greatest arranger in the world",{{sfn|Summers|Swan|2010|p=192}} and Riddle, who considered Sinatra "a perfectionist",{{sfn|Summers|Swan|2010|p=191}} offered equal praise of the singer, observing, "It's not only that his intuitions as to tempi, phrasing, and even configuration are amazingly right, but his taste is so impeccable ... there is still no one who can approach him."{{sfn|Summers|Swan|2010|p=192}}
In 1955 Sinatra released ''[[In the Wee Small Hours]]'', his first 12" LP,{{Sfn|Smith|2009|p=18}} featuring songs such as "[[In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning]]", "[[Mood Indigo]]", "[[Glad to Be Unhappy]]" and "[[When Your Lover Has Gone]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/in-the-wee-small-hours-mw0000650776|title=In the Wee Small Hours|website=AllMusic|accessdate=October 9, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204131932/http://www.allmusic.com/album/in-the-wee-small-hours-mw0000650776|archivedate=February 4, 2014}}</ref> According to Granata it was the first [[concept album]] of his to make a "single persuasive statement", with an extended program and "melancholy mood".{{Sfn|Granata|2003|p=91}} Sinatra embarked on his first tour of Australia the same year.{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=302}} Another collaboration with Riddle resulted in the development of ''[[Songs for Swingin' Lovers!]]'', sometimes seen as one of his best albums, which was released in March 1956.{{Sfn|Weatherford|2001|p=14}} It features a recording of "[[I've Got You Under My Skin]]" by [[Cole Porter]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_i5f3jhD9UC|title=The New York Times Guide to the Arts of the 20th Century: 1900–1929 – A New Family and A New Fame|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2002|page=3072|isbn=978-1-57958-290-6|ref=harv}}</ref> something which Sinatra paid meticulous care to, taking a reported 22 takes to perfect.{{Sfn|Granata|2003|p=102}}
His February 1956 recording sessions inaugurated the studios at the [[Capitol Records Building]],{{sfn|Gigliotti|2002|p=22}} complete with a 56-piece symphonic orchestra.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=117}} According to Granata his recordings of "Night and Day", "Oh! Look At Me Now" and "[[From This Moment On (Cole Porter song)|From This Moment On]]" revealed "powerful sexual overtones, stunningly achieved through the mounting tension and release of Sinatra's best-teasing vocal lines", while his recording of "River, Stay 'Way from My Door" in April demonstrated his "brilliance as a syncopational improviser".{{Sfn|Granata|2003|p=98}} Riddle said that Sinatra took "particular delight" in singing "The Lady is a Tramp", commenting that he "always sang that song with a certain amount of salaciousness", making "cue tricks" with the lyrics.{{sfn|Friedwald|1995|p=236}} His penchant for conducting was displayed again in 1956's ''[[Frank Sinatra Conducts Tone Poems of Color]]'', an instrumental album that has been interpreted to be a catharsis to his failed relationship with Gardner.{{sfn|Gigliotti|2002|pp=21–22}} Also that year, Sinatra sang at the [[1956 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]], and performed with [[The Dorsey Brothers]] for a week soon afterwards at the Paramount Theatre.{{sfn|Turner|2004|p=95}}
[[File:Frank Sinatra in 1957.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Sinatra in 1957]]
In 1957, Sinatra released ''[[Close to You (Frank Sinatra album)|Close to You]]'', ''[[A Swingin' Affair!]]'' and ''[[Where Are You? (Frank Sinatra album)|Where Are You?]]''—his first album in stereo, with [[Gordon Jenkins]].{{sfn|Morrell|2013|p=40}} Granata considers "Close to You" to have been thematically his closest concept album to perfection during the "golden" era, and Nelson Riddle's finest work, which was "extremely progressive" by the standards of the day. It is structured like a three-act play, each commencing with the songs "[[With Every Breath I Take]]", "[[Blame It On My Youth]]" and "[[It Could Happen to You (song)|It Could Happen to You]]".{{Sfn|Granata|2003|p=121}} For Granata, Sinatra's ''A Swingin' Affair!'' and swing music predecessor ''Songs for Swingin' Lovers!'' solidified "Sinatra's image as a 'swinger', from both a musical and visual standpoint". [[Buddy Collette]] considered the swing albums to have been heavily influenced by [[Sammy Davis, Jr.]], and stated that when he worked with Sinatra in the mid-1960s he approached a song much differently than he had done in the early 1950s.{{Sfn|Granata|2003|p=102}} On June 9, 1957, he performed in a 62-minute concert conducted by Riddle at the [[McCaw Hall|Seattle Civic Auditorium]],{{sfn|Levinson|2001|p=138}} his first appearance in [[Seattle]] since 1945.<ref name="SC57">''Sinatra '57 in Concert'' (1999), [[Artanis Entertainment Group]].</ref> The recording was first released as a bootleg, but in 1999 [[Artanis Entertainment Group]] officially released it as the ''[[Sinatra '57 in Concert]]'' live album, after Sinatra's death.<ref name="LAT99">{{cite web|author=Hilburn, Robert|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1999/jun/11/entertainment/ca-45246|title=Getting a Kick Out of Sinatra, Live in Concert in 1957|work=Los Angeles Times|date=June 11, 1999|accessdate=October 5, 2015}}</ref> In 1958 Sinatra released the concept album ''[[Come Fly with Me (Frank Sinatra album)|Come Fly with Me]]'' with [[Billy May]], designed as a musical world tour.{{Sfnm|1a1=Mirtle|1y=1998|1pp=154–155|2a1=Turner|2y=2004|2p=107}} It reached the top spot on the Billboard album chart in its second week, remaining at the top for five weeks,{{sfn|Whitburn|2001|p=797}} and was nominated for the [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year]] at the [[1st Grammy Awards|inaugural Grammy Awards]].{{Sfn|Mirtle|1998|p=155}} The title song, "[[Come Fly with Me (1957 song)|Come Fly With Me]]", written especially for him, would become one of his best known standards.<ref>{{cite book|title=London Theatre Record, Volume 7, Issues 14–26 – Sammy Cahn Words And Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uClaAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=I. Herbert|page=888}}</ref> On May 29 he recorded seven songs in a single session, more than double the usual yield of a recording session, and an eighth was planned, "[[Lush Life (jazz song)|Lush Life]]", but Sinatra found it too technically demanding.{{sfn|Granata|2003|pp=141–142}} In September, Sinatra released ''[[Frank Sinatra Sings for Only the Lonely]]'', a stark collection of introspective{{efn|Granata noted that Riddle himself believed that the album came across as darker and more introspective than normal due to the due of his own mother who had recently died earlier in the month that it was recorded.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=139}}}} saloon songs and blues-tinged ballads which proved a huge commercial success, spending 120 weeks on Billboards album chart and peaking at No. 1.{{sfn|Ackelson|1992|p=11}} Cuts from this LP, such as "[[Angel Eyes (1946 song)|Angel Eyes]]" and "[[One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)]]", would remain staples of the "saloon song" segments of Sinatra's concerts.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Mojo Collection: 4th Edition – Frank Sinatra Sings For Only The Lonely|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVQbF9lTBwgC&pg=PA22|date=November 1, 2007|publisher=Canongate Books|isbn=978-1-84767-643-6|page=22}}</ref>
In 1959, Sinatra released ''[[Come Dance with Me! (album)|Come Dance with Me!]]'', a highly successful, critically acclaimed album which stayed on Billboard's Pop album chart for 140 weeks, peaking at #2. It won the [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year]], as well as [[Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Male|Best Vocal Performance, Male]] and [[Grammy Award for Best Arrangement|Best Arrangement]] for [[Billy May]].{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=143}} He also released ''[[No One Cares]]'' in the same year, a collection of "brooding, lonely" torch songs, which critic [[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]] thought was "nearly as good as its predecessor ''Where Are You?'', but lacked the "lush" arrangements of it and the "grandiose melancholy" of ''Only the Lonely''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/no-one-cares-mw0000312462|title=No One Cares|website=AllMusic|accessdate=October 12, 2015}}</ref>
In the words of Kelley, by 1959, Sinatra was "not simply the leader of the Rat Pack" but had "assumed the position of ''il padrone'' in Hollywood". He was asked by 20th Century Fox to be the master of ceremonies at a luncheon attended by Soviet Premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] on September 19, 1959.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=287–288}} ''[[Nice 'n' Easy]]'', a collection of ballads, topped the ''Billboard'' chart in October 1960 and remained in the charts for 86 weeks, {{Sfn|Fuchs|Prigozy|2007|p=101}} winning critical plaudits.{{Sfn|Campbell|2008|p=220}}<ref>{{cite book|work=Billboard|title=Cap Captures Honors at Disc Jockey Poll|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lx0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA2|date=December 19, 1960|page=2|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> Granata noted the "lifelike ambient sound" quality of ''Nice and Easy'', the perfection in the stereo balance, and the "bold, bright and snappy" sound of the band. He highlighted the "close, warm and sharp" feel of Sinatra's voice, particularly on the songs "[[September in the Rain]]", "[[I Concentrate on You]]", and "[[My Blue Heaven (song)|My Blue Heaven]]".{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=146}}
=== Reprise years (1961–1981) ===
[[File:Dean Martin, Judy Garland and Frank Sinatra in 1962.jpg|thumb|Sinatra with [[Dean Martin]] and [[Judy Garland]] in 1962]]
Sinatra grew discontented at Capitol, and fell into a feud with [[Alan Livingston]], which lasted over six months.{{Sfn|Granata|2003|p=146}} His first attempt at owning his own label was with his pursuit of buying declining jazz label, [[Verve Records]], which ended once an initial agreement with Verve founder, [[Norman Granz]], "failed to materialize."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/reprise-records-history/|title=To Play and Play Again: How Frank Sinatra's Thirst for Creative Freedom Led to Some of Classic Rock's Greatest Records|website=Ultimate Classic Rock|access-date=2017-10-28}}</ref> He decided to form his own label, [[Reprise Records]]{{Sfnm|1a1=Friedwald|1y=1995|1p=367|2a1=Rojek|2y=2004|2p=142}} and, in an effort to assert his new direction, temporarily parted with Riddle, May and Jenkins, working with other arrangers such as [[Neil Hefti]], [[Don Costa]], and [[Quincy Jones]].{{Sfn|Granata|2003|p=153}} Sinatra built the appeal of Reprise Records as one in which artists were promised creative control over their music, as well as a guarantee that they would eventually gain "complete ownership of their work, including publishing rights."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhino.com/article/label-retrospective-sinatra-forms-reprise-records-on-this-day-in-1960|title=Label Retrospective: Sinatra forms Reprise Records on this day in 1960 {{!}} Rhino|website=www.rhino.com|language=en|access-date=2017-10-28}}</ref> Under Sinatra the company developed into a music industry "powerhouse", and he later sold it for an estimated $80{{nbsp}}million.{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=340}} His first album on the label, ''[[Ring-a-Ding-Ding!]]'' (1961), was a major success, peaking at No.4 on ''Billboard''.<ref>{{cite book|work=Billboard|title=Cliff Richard a Four-Time Winner|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jiAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26|date=December 11, 1961|first=Espen|last=Eriksen|page=26|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> The album was released in February 1961, the same month that Reprise Records released [[Ben Webster]]'s ''[[The Warm Moods]]'', Sammy Davis, Jr.'s ''The Wham of Sam'', [[Mavis Chloe Rivers|Mavis River]]'s ''Mavis'' and [[Joe E. Lewis]]'s ''It is Now Post Time''.{{sfn|Friedwald|1995|p=377}} During the initial years of Reprise, Sinatra was still under contract to record for Capitol, completing his contractual commitment with the release of ''[[Point of No Return (Frank Sinatra album)|Point of No Return]],'' recorded over a two day period on September 11 and 12, 1961.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=149}}
In 1962, Sinatra released ''[[Sinatra and Strings]]'', a set of standard ballads arranged by Don Costa, which became one of the most critically acclaimed works of Sinatra's entire Reprise period. [[Frank Sinatra Jr.]], who was present during the recording, noted the "huge orchestra", which Nancy Sinatra stated "opened a whole new era" in pop music, with orchestras getting bigger, embracing a "lush string sound".{{Sfn|Granata|2003|p=162}} Sinatra and [[Count Basie]] collaborated for the album ''[[Sinatra–Basie: An Historic Musical First|Sinatra-Basie]]'' the same year,{{sfn|Shaw|1982|p=25}} a popular and successful release which prompted them to rejoin two years later for the follow-up ''[[It Might as Well Be Swing]]'', arranged by Quincy Jones.{{sfnm|1a1=Sinatra|1y=1986|1p=372|2a1=Granata|2y=2003|2p=169}} The two became frequent performers together,<ref>{{cite book|work=Billboard|title=The Sinatra Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MykEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT36|date=November 20, 1965|page=36|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> and appeared at the [[Newport Jazz Festival]] in 1965.{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=302}} Also in 1962, as the owner of his own record label, Sinatra was able to step on the podium as conductor again, releasing his third instrumental album ''[[Frank Sinatra Conducts Music from Pictures and Plays]]''.{{sfn|Gigliotti|2002|p=22}}
[[File:Frank Sinatra handprint ceremony Grauman's Chinese Theatre 1965.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Sinatra at the Grauman's Chinese Theatre in 1965]]
In 1963, Sinatra reunited with Nelson Riddle for ''[[The Concert Sinatra]]'', an ambitious album featuring a 73-piece symphony orchestra arranged and conducted by Riddle. The concert was recorded on a motion picture scoring soundstage with the use of multiple synchronized recording machines that employed an optical signal onto 35 mm film designed for movie soundtracks. Granata considers the album to have been "impeachable" [sic], "one of the very best of the Sinatra-Riddle ballad albums", in which Sinatra displayed an impressive vocal range, particularly in "[[Ol' Man River]]", in which he darkened the hue.{{sfn|Granata|2003|pp=171–173}} In 1964 the song "[[My Kind of Town]]" was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1965 | title=The 37th Academy Awards | publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences | accessdate=October 4, 2015}}</ref> Sinatra released ''[[Softly, as I Leave You (album)|Softly, as I Leave You]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/softly-as-i-leave-you-mw0000653242|title=Softly, as I Leave You|website=AllMusic|accessdate=October 8, 2015}}</ref> and collaborated with Bing Crosby and [[Fred Waring]] on ''[[America, I Hear You Singing]]'', a collection of patriotic songs recorded as a tribute to the assassinated President John F. Kennedy.{{Sfn|Avant-Mier|2010|p=15}}<ref>{{cite book|work=Billboard|title=Album Reviews|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iEUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT1|date=May 9, 1964|page=1|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> Sinatra increasingly became involved in charitable pursuits in this period. In 1961 and 1962 he went to Mexico, with the sole purpose of putting on performances for Mexican charities,{{efn|Nancy Sinatra notes that her father had a falling out with a bureaucrat in the country, who refused to admit Sinatra into his house. She claims that though he was not formally banned from the country, the bureaucrat "made it seem so" and stated that the situation caused much humiliation to the family.{{Sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=212}}}} and in July 1964 he was present for the dedication of the Frank Sinatra International Youth Center for Arab and Jewish children in [[Nazareth]].{{sfn|Turner|2004|p=144}}
Sinatra's phenomenal success in 1965, coinciding with his 50th birthday, prompted ''Billboard'' to proclaim that he may have reached the "peak of his eminence".<ref name="Billboard 0598" /> In June 1965, Sinatra, [[Sammy Davis, Jr.]], and [[Dean Martin]] played live in [[St. Louis]] to benefit Dismas House, a prisoner rehabilitation and training center with nationwide programs that in particular helped serve African Americans. The Rat Pack concert, called The Frank Sinatra Spectacular, was broadcast live via satellite to numerous movie theaters across America.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://variety.com/1997/film/news/rat-pack-perf-found-1117433048/ | title=Rat pack perf found | work=Variety | date=January 26, 1997 | accessdate=October 4, 2015 | author=Richmond, Ray}}</ref><ref>[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/649439 Werner, Stephen A. “Frank Sinatra and the Hoodlum Priest,” ''American Catholic Studies'' (Winter 2016), 101-106.]</ref> The album ''[[September of My Years]]'' was released September 1965, and went on to win the Grammy Award for best album of the year.{{sfnm|1a1=Sinatra|1y=1986|1p=306|2a1=Jackson|2y=2015|2p=178}} Granata considers the album to have been one of the finest of his Reprise years, "a reflective throwback to the concept records of the 1950s, and more than any of those collections, distills everything that Frank Sinatra had ever learned or experienced as a vocalist".{{Sfn|Granata|2003|p=175}} One of the album's singles, "[[It Was a Very Good Year]]", won the Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Male.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/awards/8th-annual-grammy-awards|title=8th Annual Grammy Awards|publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences|accessdate=October 6, 2015}}</ref> A career anthology, ''[[A Man and His Music]]'', followed in November, winning Album of the Year at the Grammys the following year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/awards/9th-annual-grammy-awards|title=9th Annual Grammy Awards|publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences|accessdate=October 9, 2015}}</ref>
[[File:The Sands Hotel and Casino in 1959.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Sands Hotel and Casino in 1959]]
In 1966 Sinatra released ''[[That's Life (Frank Sinatra album)|That's Life]]'', with both the single of "[[That's Life (song)|That's Life]]" and album becoming Top Ten hits in the US on ''Billboard''{{'}}s pop charts.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1966-12-31 | title=The Hot 100 – December 31, 1966 | work=Billboard | date=December 31, 1966 | accessdate=October 4, 2015}}</ref> ''[[Strangers in the Night]]'' went on to top the ''Billboard'' and UK pop singles charts,<ref name="UKCharts">{{cite web | url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/all-the-number-1-singles__7931/ | title=All The Number 1 Singles | publisher=Official Charts Company | date=January 30, 2015 | accessdate=October 4, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1966-07-02 | title=The Hot 100 – July 2, 1966 | work=Billboard | date=July 2, 1966 | accessdate=October 4, 2015}}</ref> winning the award for Record of the Year at the Grammys.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=&title=&year=1966&genre=All | title=1966 Winners | publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences | accessdate=October 4, 2015}}</ref> Sinatra's first live album, ''[[Sinatra at the Sands]]'', was recorded during January and February 1966 at the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. Sinatra was backed by the Count Basie Orchestra, with Quincy Jones conducting.{{sfn|Lonstein|Marino|1970|p=324}} Sinatra pulled out from the Sands the following year, when he was driven out by its new owner [[Howard Hughes]], after a fight.{{sfn|Jones|1995|p=25}}{{efn|Hughes still resented Sinatra for marrying Ava Gardner, the subject of his own affections.{{sfn|Jones|1995|p=25}} After Hughes saw to it that the hotel imposed restrictions on what he could gamble in the casino,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2881690/san_antonio_express/|title=Jimmy Despises Casino Gambling|author=Snyder, Jimmy "the Greek"|date=July 3, 1975|work=San Antonio Express|page=8|accessdate=July 29, 2015| via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref> Sinatra began what ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]'' describes as a "weekend-long tirade" against the "hotel's management, employees and security forces",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1986-12-30/local/me-1117_1_carl-cohen|title=Ex-Casino Executive Carl Cohen; Noted for Punching Frank Sinatra|work=Los Angeles Times|date=December 30, 1986|accessdate=July 25, 2015}}</ref> culminating in a punch from executive [[Carl Cohen (businessman)|Carl Cohen]] that knocked the caps off Sinatra's front teeth.{{sfn|Anka|Dalton|2013|pp=168–171}} He began performing at [[Caesars Palace]].{{sfn|Sheridan|2011|p=54}}}}
Sinatra started 1967 with a series of recording sessions with [[Antônio Carlos Jobim]]. He recorded one of his collaborations with Jobim, the Grammy-nominated album ''[[Francis Albert Sinatra & Antônio Carlos Jobim]]'', which was one of the best-selling albums of the year, behind the Beatles's ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jazz Education Journal, Volume 37, Issues 4–6 – Talking with Paolo Jobim about Antônio Carlos Jobim and the continuation of his legacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snIJAQAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=International Association for Jazz Education|pages=7–8}}</ref> According to Santopietro the album "consists of an extraordinarily effective blend of bossa nova and slightly swinging jazz vocals, and succeeds in creating an unbroken mood of romance and regret".{{Sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=387}} Writer [[Stan Cornyn]] wrote that Sinatra sang so softly on the album that it was comparable to the time that he suffered from a vocal hemorrhage in 1950.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=183}} Sinatra also released the album ''[[The World We Knew]]'', which features a chart-topping duet of "[[Somethin' Stupid]]" with daughter Nancy.<ref name="UKCharts" /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6531810/rewinding-the-charts-in-1967-frank-nancy-sinatra-shared-a-no-1 | title=Rewinding the Charts: In 1967, Frank & Nancy Sinatra Shared a No. 1 | work=Billboard | date=April 15, 2015 | accessdate=October 4, 2015 | author=Caulfield, Keith}}</ref> In December, Sinatra collaborated with [[Duke Ellington]] on the album ''[[Francis A. & Edward K.]]''.<ref>{{cite book|work=Billboard|title=Album Reviews|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAcEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA78|date=February 3, 1968|page=78|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> According to Granata, the recording of "[[Indian Summer (Victor Herbert song)|Indian Summer]]" on the album was a favorite of Riddle's, noting the "contemplative mood [which] is heightened by a [[Johnny Hodges]] alto sax solo that will bring a tear to your eye".{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=189}} With Sinatra in mind, singer-songwriter [[Paul Anka]] wrote the song "[[My Way (song)|My Way]]", using the melody of the French "Comme d'habitude" ("As Usual"), composed by [[Claude François]] and [[Jacques Revaux]].{{sfn|Ingham|2005|p=270}} Sinatra recorded it just after Christmas 1968.{{Sfn|Friedwald|1995|p=446}} "My Way", Sinatra's best-known song on the Reprise label, was not an instant success, charting at #27 in the US and #5 in the UK,{{sfn|Kutner|2010|p=296}} but it remained in the UK charts for 122 weeks, including 75 non-consecutive weeks in the [[American Top 40|Top 40]], between April 1969 and September 1971, which was still a record in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frank Sinatra|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/15791/frank-sinatra/|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=October 8, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sheeran hit first to remain a year in UK chart|url=http://www.rte.ie/ten/news/2015/0624/710330-sheeran-hit-first-to-remain-a-year-in-uk-chart/|accessdate=October 8, 2015|publisher=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]]|date=June 24, 2015}}</ref> Sinatra told songwriter [[Ervin Drake]] in the 1970s that he "detested" singing the song, because he believed audiences would think it was a "self-aggrandizing tribute", professing that he "hated boastfulness in others".{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=xvii}}
In an effort to maintain his commercial viability in the late 1960s, Sinatra would record works by [[Paul Simon]] ("[[Mrs. Robinson]]"), [[the Beatles]] ("[[Yesterday (Beatles song)|Yesterday]]"), and [[Joni Mitchell]] ("[[Both Sides, Now]]") in 1969.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.time.com/time/time100/artists/profile/sinatra2.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005141811/http://www.time.com/time/time100/artists/profile/sinatra2.html|archivedate=October 5, 2007|title=Frank Sinatra – The Time 100 Profile|work=Time|accessdate=October 24, 2015}}</ref>
==== "Retirement" and return (1970–1981) ====
[[File:Caesars Palace in 1970.jpg|thumb|[[Caesars Palace]] in 1970, where Sinatra performed from 1967 to 1970 and 1973 onwards]]
In 1970, Sinatra released ''[[Watertown (album)|Watertown]]'', a critically acclaimed concept album, with music by [[Bob Gaudio]] (of the Four Seasons) and lyrics by [[Jake Holmes]].{{sfn|Ingham|2005|p=216}} However, it sold a mere 30,000 copies that year and reached a peak chart position of 101.{{sfn|Knight|2010|p=260}} He left Caesars Palace in September that year after an incident where executive Sanford Waterman pulled a gun on him.{{efn|Sinatra was playing a high stakes [[Baccarat (card game)|baccarat]] at Caesars Palace, where he was performing at the time, in the early morning hours of September 6, 1970. Normal limits for the game are US$2,000 per hand; Sinatra had been playing for US$8,000 and wanted the stakes to be raised to US$16,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3360435/sinatra_confrontation_at_caesars/|title=At Gunpoint Sinatra Ousted|work=The Odessa American ([[Odessa, Texas]])|date=September 7, 1970|page=11|accessdate=October 6, 2015| via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref> When Sinatra began shouting, hotel executive Sanford Waterman came to talk with him. Witnesses to the incident said the two men both made threats, with Waterman producing a gun and pointing it at Sinatra. Sinatra walked out of the casino and returned to his Palm Springs home without fulfilling the rest of his three week engagement there. Waterman was booked on a charge of assault with a deadly weapon, but was released without bail.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3360441/sinatra_confrontation_at_caesars_2/|title=Caesars Palace Boss Arrested for Pulling Gun on Sinatra|work=The Evening Times ([[Sayre, Pennsylvania]])|date=September 8, 1970|page=5|accessdate=October 6, 2015| via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref> The local district attorney's office declined to file charges against Waterman for pulling the gun, stating that Sinatra had refused to make a statement regarding the incident.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3360451/sinatra_confrontation_at_caesars/|title=No Charges Will be Filed in Sinatra Gun Incident|work=The Bridgeport Telegram ([[Bridgeport, Connecticut]])|date=September 17, 1970|page=45|accessdate=October 6, 2015| via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref> }} He performed several charity concerts with Count Basie at the [[Royal Festival Hall]] in London.{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=307}} On November 2, 1970, Sinatra recorded the last songs for Reprise Records before his self-imposed retirement,{{sfn|Ackelson|1992|p=415}} announced the following June at a concert in Hollywood to raise money for the Motion Picture and TV Relief Fund.<ref>{{cite book|work=Billboard|title=Retirement Isn't The Life For Francis Albert|first=Laura|last=Deni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35|date=November 24, 1973|page=35|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> He gave a "rousing" performance of "That's Life", and finished the concert with a<ref>Sinatra The Chairman James Kaplan pages 845-46</ref> Matt Dennis and Earl Brent song, "Angel Eyes" which he had recorded on the Only The Lonely album in 1958. He sang the last line."'Scuse me while I disappear." The spotlight went dark and he left the stage. {{Sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=223}} He told ''LIFE'' journalist [[Thomas Thompson (American author)|Thomas Thompson]] that "I've got things to do, like the first thing is not to do {{em|anything}} at all for eight months ... maybe a year",{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=191}} while Barbara Sinatra later claimed that Sinatra had grown "tired of entertaining people, especially when all they really wanted were the same old tunes he had long ago become bored by".{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=102}} While he was in retirement, President [[Richard Nixon]] asked him to perform at a Young Voters Rally in anticipation of the upcoming campaign. Sinatra obliged and chose to sing "My Kind of Town" for the rally held in Chicago on October 20, 1972.{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=231}}
In 1973, Sinatra came out of his short-lived retirement with a television special and album. The album, entitled ''[[Ol' Blue Eyes Is Back]]'',{{Sfn|Knight|2010|p=260}} arranged by Gordon Jenkins and [[Don Costa]],{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=224}} was a success, reaching number 13 on ''Billboard'' and number 12 in the UK.<ref>{{cite book|work=Billboard|title=Jazzmen Favor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA26|date=November 24, 1973|page=26|issn=0006-2510}}</ref>{{Sfn|Gillett|1978|p=438}} The television special, ''[[Magnavox Presents Frank Sinatra]]'', reunited Sinatra with [[Gene Kelly]]. He initially developed problems with his vocal cords during the comeback due to a prolonged period without singing.{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=233}} That Christmas he performed at the [[Sahara Hotel]] in Las Vegas,{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=234}} and returned to Caesars Palace the following month in January 1974, despite previously vowing to perform there again [sic].{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=436}} He began what Barbara Sinatra describes as a "massive comeback tour of the United States, Europe, the Far East and Australia".{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=135}} In July, while on a second tour of Australia,{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=237}} he caused an uproar by describing journalists there – who were aggressively pursuing his every move and pushing for a press conference – as "bums, parasites, fags, and buck-and-a-half hookers".{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=136}} After he was pressured to apologize, Sinatra instead insisted that the journalists apologize for "fifteen years of abuse I have taken from the world press". Union actions cancelled concerts and grounded Sinatra's plane, essentially trapping him in Australia.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=464}} In the end, Sinatra's lawyer, Mickey Rudin, arranged for Sinatra to issue a written conciliatory note and a final concert that was televised to the nation.{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=238}} In October 1974 he appeared at New York City's [[Madison Square Garden]] in a televised concert that was later released as an album under the title ''[[The Main Event – Live]]''. Backing him was bandleader [[Woody Herman]] and the Young Thundering Herd, who accompanied Sinatra on a European tour later that month.{{Sfn|Ackelson|1992|p=416}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Heritage Auctions Music and Entertainment Auction Catalog #696 – The Jilly Rizzo Estate Archive|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ko8xoiFxZwC&pg=PA46|date=September 1, 2008|publisher=Heritage Capital Corporation|isbn=978-1-59967-288-5|page=46}}</ref>
[[File:Frank Sinatra 1973.jpg|thumb|left|At the White House, 1973]]
In 1975, Sinatra performed in concerts in New York with Count Basie and [[Ella Fitzgerald]], and at the [[London Palladium]] with Basie and [[Sarah Vaughan]], and in Tehran [[Frank Sinatra: Live at Aryamehr Stadium|at Aryamehr Stadium]], giving 140 performances in 105 days.{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=245}} In August he held several consecutive concerts at [[Lake Tahoe]] together with the newly-risen singer [[John Denver]],<ref>{{cite book|work=Billboard|title=Denver-Sinatra Superb Contrast At Lake Tahoe|first=Eliot|last=Tiegel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aBEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1|date=August 16, 1975|page=1|issn=0006-2510}}</ref>{{Sfn|Fleischer|1976|p=46}} who became a frequent collaborator.<ref>{{cite web|author=Chilton, Martin|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/9972507/John-Denver-gets-a-modern-makeover.html|title=John Denver gets a modern makeover|work=The Telegraph|date=April 6, 2006|accessdate=October 1, 2015}}</ref> Sinatra had recorded Denver's "[[Leaving on a Jet Plane]]" and "My Sweet Lady" for ''[[Sinatra & Company]]'' (1971),{{sfn|Bogdanov|Woodstra|Erlewine|2002|p=1171}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/sinatra-company-mw0000318860|title=Sinatra & Company|website=AllMusic|accessdate=October 8, 2015}}</ref> and according to Denver, his song "A Baby Just Like You" was written at Sinatra's request for his new grandchild, Angela.{{sfn|Denver|2002|p=28}} During the Labor Day weekend held in 1976, Sinatra was responsible for reuniting old friends and comedy partners Dean Martin and [[Jerry Lewis]] for the first time in nearly twenty years, when they performed at the "[[Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon]]".{{Sfn|Moser|2011|p=1959}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/jerry-lewis-telethon-ends-decades-long-run-mda-article-1.2207512|title=Jerry Lewis telethon ends decades-long run, fundraising awareness for Muscular Dystrophy Association|work=Daily News|date=May 2, 2015|accessdate=October 1, 2015}}</ref> That year, the [[New York Friars Club|Friars Club]] selected him as the "Top Box Office Name of the Century", and he was given the Scopus Award by the American Friends of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] in Israel and an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from the [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas|University of Nevada]].{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=245}}
Sinatra continued to perform at Caesars Palace in the late 1970s, and was performing there in January 1977 when his mother Dolly died in a plane crash on the way to see him.{{sfnm|1a1=Goldstein|1y=1982|1p=123|2a1=Turner|2y=2004|2p=173}}{{efn|On January 6, 1977, Dolly was aboard a Lear Jet which had just taken off from [[Palm Springs Airport]] when crashed into {{convert|10000|ft2}} Ridge in the eastern area of the [[San Gorgonio Wilderness]].{{sfnm|1a1=Turner|1y=2004|1p=173|2a1=Lehmann|2a2=Blanck|2y=2008|2p=100}}}}<ref name=mdtgsi>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CPpLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6fgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4998%2C1870220 |work=Spokane Daily Chronicle |location=(Washington) |agency=Associated Press |title=Mother's death grieves Sinatra |date=January 10, 1977 |page=2}}</ref> He cancelled two weeks of shows and spent time recovering from the shock in Barbados.{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=201}} In March, he performed in front of [[Princess Margaret]] at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in London, raising money for the [[National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children|NSPCC]].{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=261}} On March 14, he recorded with Nelson Riddle for the last time, recording the songs ''Linda'', ''Sweet Loraine'', and ''Barbara''.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=192}} The two men had a major falling out, and later patched up their differences in January 1985 at a dinner organized for Ronald Reagan, when Sinatra asked Riddle to make another album with him. Riddle was ill at the time, and died that October, before they had a chance to record.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=200}}
In 1978, Sinatra filed a $1{{nbsp}}million lawsuit against a land developer for using his name in the "Frank Sinatra Drive Center" in West Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3405266/sinatra_sues_for_1_million/|title=Sinatra Sues for $1 Million|work=The Sanbernardino Sun ([[San Bernardino, California]])|date=January 21, 1978|page=17|accessdate=October 12, 2015| via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref> During a party at Caesars in 1979, he was awarded the [[Grammy Trustees Award]], while celebrating 40 years in show business and his 64th birthday.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=505}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/trustee-awards | title=Trustees Award | publisher=[[Grammy Award|Grammy.org]] | accessdate=October 1, 2015 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002091150/https://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/trustee-awards | archivedate=October 2, 2015 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> That year, former President [[Gerald Ford]] awarded Sinatra the [[American Biographical Institute|International Man of the Year Award]],{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=309}} and he performed in front of the [[Egyptian pyramids]] for [[Anwar Sadat]], which raised more than $500,000 for [[Jehan Sadat|Sadat's wife]]'s charities.{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=261}}
In 1980, Sinatra's first album in six years was released, ''[[Trilogy: Past Present Future]]'', a highly ambitious triple album that features an array of songs from both the pre-rock era and rock era.<ref name="Trilogy">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/trilogy-past-present-future-mw0000197932/awards|title=Trilogy: Past, Present & Future – Awards|website=AllMusic|accessdate=October 4, 2015}}</ref> It was the first studio album of Sinatra's to feature his touring pianist at the time, Vinnie Falcone, and was based on an idea by [[Sonny Burke]].{{sfn|Granata|2003|pp=192–193}} The album garnered six [[Grammy]] nominations – winning for best liner notes – and peaked at number 17 on Billboard's album chart,<ref name="Trilogy" /> and spawned yet another song that would become a signature tune, "[[Theme from New York, New York]]".{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=192}} That year, as part of the Concert of the Americas, he performed in the [[Maracana Stadium]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil, which broke records for the "largest live paid audience ever recorded for a solo performer".{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=310}} The following year, Sinatra built on the success of ''Trilogy'' with ''[[She Shot Me Down]]'', an album that was praised for embodying the dark tone of his Capitol years.<ref name="She Shot Me Down">"[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r26337|pure_url=yes}} ''She Shot Me Down'']. AllMusic. Retrieved November 28, 2006.</ref> Also in 1981, Sinatra was embroiled in controversy when he worked a ten-day engagement for $2 million in [[Sun City, North West|Sun City]], in the internationally unrecognized [[Bophuthatswana]], breaking a cultural boycott against apartheid-era South Africa. President [[Lucas Mangope]] awarded Sinatra with the highest honor, the Order of the Leopard, and made him an honorary tribal chief.{{sfn|Lamb|2011|p=328}}
=== Later career (1982–1998) ===
[[File:Fremont street 1983.jpg|thumb|right|Sinatra signed a $16 million three-year deal with the [[Golden Nugget Las Vegas]] in 1982]]
Santopietro stated that by the early 1980s, Sinatra's voice had "coarsened, losing much of its power and flexibility, but audiences didn't care".{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=431}} In 1982, he signed a $16{{nbsp}}million three-year deal with the [[Golden Nugget Las Vegas|Golden Nugget]] of Las Vegas. Kelley notes that by this period Sinatra's voice had grown "darker, tougher and loamier", but he "continued to captivate audiences with his immutable magic". She added that his baritone voice "sometimes cracked, but the gliding intonations still aroused the same raptures of delight as they had at the Paramount Theater".{{Sfn|Kelley|1986|p=540}} That year he made a reported further $1.3{{nbsp}}million from the Showtime television rights to his "Concert of the Americas" in the Dominican Republic, $1.6{{nbsp}}million for a concert series at [[Carnegie Hall]], and $250,000 in just one evening at the Chicago Fest. He donated a lot of his earnings to charity.{{Sfn|Kelley|1986|p=542}} He put on a performance at the White House for the Italian Prime Minister, and performed at the [[Radio City Music Hall]] with [[Luciano Pavarotti]] and [[George Shearing]].{{Sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=311}}
Sinatra was selected as one of the five recipients of the 1983 [[Kennedy Center Honors]], alongside [[Katherine Dunham]], [[James Stewart]], [[Elia Kazan]], and [[Virgil Thomson]]. Quoting [[Henry James]], President Reagan said in honoring his old friend that "art was the shadow of humanity" and that Sinatra had "spent his life casting a magnificent and powerful shadow".{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=544}} On September 21, 1983, Sinatra filed a $2{{nbsp}}million court case against [[Kitty Kelley]], suing her in punitive damages, before her unofficial biography, ''His Way'', was even published. The book became a best-seller for "all the wrong reasons" and "the most eye-opening [[celebrity biographer|celebrity biography]] of our time", according to [[William Safire]] of ''The New York Times''.<ref name=ESSAY>{{cite news|author=Safire, William|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/29/opinion/essay-the-truth-about-frank.html|title=Essay: The Truth About Frank|work=The New York Times|date=September 19, 1986|accessdate=September 30, 2015}}</ref> Sinatra was always adamant that such a book would be written on his terms, and he himself would "set the record straight" in details of his life.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=Author's note xvii}} According to Kelley, the family detested her and the book, which took its toll on Sinatra's health. Kelley claims that Tina Sinatra blamed her for her father's colon surgery in 1986.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=Introduction xv}} He was forced to drop the case on September 19, 1984, with several leading newspapers expressing concerns about his views on censorship.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=Author's note xviii}}
In 1984, Sinatra worked with Quincy Jones for the first time in nearly two decades on the album, ''[[L.A. Is My Lady]]'', which was well received critically.{{sfn|Turner|2004|p=188}} The album was a substitute for another Jones project, an album of duets with [[Lena Horne]], which had to be abandoned.{{efn|Horne developed vocal problems and Sinatra, committed to other engagements, could not wait to record.{{sfn|Gavin|2009|p=444}}}} In 1986, Sinatra collapsed on stage while performing in [[Atlantic City]] and was hospitalized for [[diverticulitis]],{{sfn|Rojek|2004|p=55}} which left him looking frail.{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=442}} Two years later, Sinatra reunited with Martin and Davis, Jr. and went on the Rat Pack Reunion Tour, during which they played a number of large arenas. When Martin dropped out of the tour early on, a rift developed between them and the two never spoke again.{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=444}}
On June 6, 1988, Sinatra made his last recordings with Reprise for an album which was not released. He recorded "[[My Foolish Heart (song)|My Foolish Heart]]", "[[Cry Me A River (1953 song)|Cry Me A River]]", and other songs. Sinatra never completed the project, but take number 18 of "My Foolish Heart" may be heard in ''[[The Complete Reprise Studio Recordings]]'' (1995).<ref>[http://www.newzbreaker.com/2016/08/30/foolish-heart-the-lost-albums-of-frank-sinatra/ ''Foolish Heart: The Lost Albums of Frank Sinatra'']</ref>
[[File:Brendan Grace with Frank Sinatra.JPG|thumb|left|Sinatra with [[Brendan Grace]] in 1991]]
In 1990, Sinatra was awarded the second "Ella Award" by the Los Angeles-based [[Society of Singers]], and performed for a final time with Ella Fitzgerald at the award ceremony.{{sfn|Levinson|2001|p=159}} Sinatra maintained an active touring schedule in the early 1990s, performing 65 concerts in 1990, 73 in 1991 and 84 in 1992 in seventeen different countries.{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=448}}
In 1993, Sinatra returned to Capitol Records and the recording studio for ''[[Duets (Frank Sinatra album)|Duets]]'', which became his best-selling album.{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=451}} The album and its sequel, ''[[Duets II (Frank Sinatra album)|Duets II]]'', released the following year,{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=452}} would see Sinatra remake his classic recordings with popular contemporary performers, who added their vocals to a pre-recorded tape.{{sfn|Cole|Browning|Schroeder|2003|p=28}}
During his tours in the early 1990s, his memory failed him at times during concerts, and he fainted onstage in [[Richmond, Virginia]], in March 1994.{{sfn|Friedwald|1995|p=445}} His final public concerts were held in [[Fukuoka Dome]] in Japan on December 19–20, 1994.{{sfn|Turner|2004|p=196}} The following year, Sinatra sang for the very last time on February 25, 1995, before a live audience of 1200 select guests at the Palm Desert Marriott Ballroom, on the closing night of the Frank Sinatra Desert Classic golf tournament.{{sfnm|1a1=Santopietro|1y=2008|1p=452|2a1=Sinatra|2y=2011|2p=274}} ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'' reported of the show that Sinatra was "clear, tough, on the money" and "in absolute control".{{sfn|Ingham|2005|p=104}} Sinatra was awarded the [[Grammy Legend Award|Legend Award]] at the [[1994 Grammy Awards]], where he was introduced by [[Bono]], who said of him, "Frank's the chairman of the bad attitude ... Rock 'n roll plays at being tough, but this guy is the boss – the chairman of boss ... I'm not going to mess with him, are you?"<ref name="bono">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1434089/bono-on-sinatras-legacy/ |title=Bono On Sinatra's Legacy|publisher=MTV|date=May 15, 1998|accessdate=August 17, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Top Grammy to Houston; 5 for 'Aladdin{{'-}}|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/02/movies/top-grammy-to-houston-5-for-aladdin.html|date=March 2, 1994|first=Jon|last=Pareles|work=The New York Times|accessdate=February 15, 2012}}</ref>
In 1995, to mark Sinatra's 80th birthday, the [[Empire State Building]] glowed blue.<ref name="Guides2014">{{cite book|title=Insight Guides: New York City Guide – Illuminated Display|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7UxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT323|date=November 6, 2014|publisher=APA|isbn=978-1-78005-837-5|page=323}}</ref> A star-studded birthday tribute, ''Sinatra: 80 Years My Way'', was held at the [[Shrine Auditorium]] in Los Angeles, featuring performers such as [[Ray Charles]], [[Little Richard]], [[Natalie Cole]] and [[Salt-N-Pepa]] singing his songs.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=Introduction x}} At the end of the program Sinatra graced the stage for the last time to sing the final notes of the "Theme from New York, New York" with an ensemble.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/1995/tv/reviews/sinatra-80-years-my-way-1200444080/|title=Review: 'Sinatra: 80 Years My Way'|work=Variety|date=December 13, 1995|accessdate=October 2, 2015}}</ref> In recognition of his many years of association with Las Vegas, Frank Sinatra was elected to the [[Gaming Hall of Fame]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Gaming Hall of Fame|url=http://gaming.unlv.edu/hof/index.html|publisher=[[University of Nevada, Las Vegas]]|accessdate=August 30, 2009}}</ref>
== Artistry ==
{{Anchor|Sinatra, the musician}}
While Sinatra never learned how to read music well, he had a fine, natural understanding of it,{{sfn|Lees|1998|p=102}} and he worked very hard from a young age to improve his abilities in all aspects of music.{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=31}} He did, however, learn to follow a lead sheet during a performance by "carefully following the patterns and groupings of notes arranged on the page" and made his own notations to the music, using his ear to detect semitonal differences.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=38}} Granata states that some of the most accomplished classically trained musicians soon noticed his musical understanding, and remarked that Sinatra had a "sixth sense", which "demonstrated unusual proficiency when it came to detecting incorrect notes and sounds within the orchestra".{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=30}} Sinatra was an aficionado of classical music,{{sfn|Friedwald|1995|p=21}} and would often request classical strains in his music, inspired by composers such as [[Puccini]] and [[Impressionism in music|Impressionist]] masters. His personal favorite was [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]].{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=93}} He would insist on always recording live with the band because it gave him a "certain feeling" to perform live surrounded by musicians.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=112}}
By the mid 1940s, such was his understanding of music that after hearing an [[air check]] of some compositions by [[Alec Wilder]] which were for strings and woodwinds, he became the conductor at Columbia Records for six of Wilder's compositions: "Air for Oboe", "Air for English Horn", "Air for Flute", "Air for Bassoon", "Slow Dance" and "Theme and Variations".{{efn|Mitch Miller played English horn and oboe on the Sinatra-led recordings.{{sfn|Lees|1998|p=102}}}} The works, which combine elements of jazz and classical music, were considered by Wilder to have been among the finest renditions and recordings of his compositions, past or present.{{sfn|Lees|1998|p=102}} At one recording session with arranger [[Claus Ogerman]] and an orchestra, Sinatra heard "a couple of little strangers" in the string section, prompting Ogerman to make corrections to what were thought to be copyist's errors.{{sfn|Lees|1998|p=102}} Critic Gene Lees, a lyricist and the author of the words to the Jobim melody "This Happy Madness", expressed amazement when he heard Sinatra's recording of it on ''[[Sinatra & Company]]'' (1971), considering him to have delivered the lyrics to perfection.{{sfn|Lees|1998|pp=102–103}}
Voice coach John Quinlan was impressed by Sinatra's vocal range, remarking, "He has far more voice than people think he has. He can vocalize to a B-flat on top in full voice, and he doesn't need a mic either".{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=45}} As a singer, early on he was primarily influenced by Bing Crosby,{{sfn|Lahr|2000|p=56}} but later believed that [[Tony Bennett]] was "the best singer in the business".{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=98}} Bennett also praised Sinatra himself, claiming that as a performer, he had "perfected the art of intimacy."<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The Frank Sinatra Reader|last = White|first = John|year = 1996|journal = Journal of American Studies|access-date = }}</ref> According to Nelson Riddle, Sinatra had a "fairly rangy voice",{{efn|Riddle notes that Sinatra's range was from the low G to the high F, almost two octaves, but that his practical range was the low A-flat to a D, in comparison to Bing Crosby whose range was G to C. Sinatra could "surpass him by probably as much as four tones at the top".{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=11}} Though Riddle stated that Sinatra's lowest was G, he often hit the low F in concerts, and hit the low E at 0:41 in the recording of "[[What Is This Thing Called Love?]]" for the 1955 album ''In the Wee Small Hours''.}} remarking that "His voice has a very strident, insistent sound in the top register, a smooth lyrical sound in the middle register, and a very tender sound in the low. His voice is built on infinite taste, with an overall inflection of sex. He points everything he does from a sexual standpoint".{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=11}} Despite his heavy New Jersey accent, according to Richard Schuller, when Sinatra sang his accent was "virtually undetectable", with his diction becoming "precise" and articulation "meticulous".{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=11}} His timing was impeccable, allowing him, according to Charles L. Granata, to "toy with the rhythm of a melody, bringing tremendous excitement to his reading of a lyric".{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=13}} Tommy Dorsey observed that Sinatra would "take a musical phrase and play it all the way through seemingly without breathing for eight, ten, maybe sixteen bars." Dorsey was a considerable influence on Sinatra's techniques for his vocal phrasing with his own exceptional breath control on the trombone,{{sfn|Lees|1998|pp=95–96}} and Sinatra regularly swam and held his breath underwater, thinking of song lyrics to increase his breathing power.{{sfn|Lahr|2000|pp=59–60}}
[[File:(Portrait of Frank Sinatra and Axel Stordahl, Liederkrantz Hall, New York, N.Y., ca. 1947) (LOC) (4843758568).jpg|thumb|right|Sinatra with Axel Stordahl at the Liederkrantz Hall in New York, {{circa}} 1947]]
Arrangers Nelson Riddle and Anthony Fanzo found Sinatra to be a "perfectionist who drove himself and everybody around him relentlessly", and stated that his collaborators approached him with a sense of uneasiness because of his unpredictable and often volatile temperament.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=234}} Granata comments that Sinatra was almost fanatically obsessed with perfection to the point that people began wondering if he was genuinely concerned about the music or showing off his power over others.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=50}} On days when he felt that his voice was not right, he would know after only a few notes and would postpone the recording session until the following day, yet still pay his musicians.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=105}} After a period of performing, Sinatra tired of singing a certain set of songs and was always looking for talented new songwriters and composers to work with. Once he found ones that he liked, he actively sought to work with them as often as he could, and made friends with many of them. He once told [[Sammy Cahn]], who wrote songs for ''Anchors Aweigh'', "if you're not there Monday, I'm not there Monday". Over the years he recorded 87 of Cahn's songs, of which 24 were composed by [[Jule Styne]], and 43 by Jimmy Van Heusen. The Cahn-Styne partnership lasted from 1942 until 1954, when Van Heusen succeeded him as Sinatra's main composer.{{sfn|Granata|2003|pp=14–16}}
Unlike many of his contemporaries, Sinatra insisted upon direct input regarding arrangements and tempos for his recordings. He would spend weeks thinking about the songs he wanted to record, and would keep an arranger in mind for each song. If it was a mellow love song, he would ask for Gordon Jenkins. If it was a "rhythm" number, he would think of Billy May, or perhaps Neil Hefti or some other favored arranger. Jenkins considered Sinatra's musical sense to be unerring. His changes to Riddle's charts would frustrate Riddle, yet he would usually concede that Sinatra's ideas were superior.{{sfn|Friedwald|1995|pp=28–29}} Barbara Sinatra notes that Sinatra would almost always credit the songwriter at the end of each number, and would often make comments to the audience, such as "Isn't that a pretty ballad" or "Don't you think that's the most marvelous love song", delivered with "childlike delight".{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=140}} She states that after each show, Sinatra would be "in a buoyant, electrically charged mood, a post-show high that would take him hours to come down from as he quietly relived every note of the performance he'd just given".{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=142}}
{{quote box|width=30em|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=right|quote="His voice is more interesting now: he has separated his voice into different colors, in different registers. Years ago, his voice was more even, and now it is divided into at least three interesting ranges: low, middle, and high. [He's] probing more deeply into his songs than he used to. That may be due to the ten years he's put on, and the things he's been through."|source=—Nelson Riddle noting the development of Sinatra's voice in 1955.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=137}}}}
{{quote box|width=30em|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=right|quote="He'd always been critical of his voice, and that only intensified as he got older. He never liked to discuss a performance afterward because he knew his voice wasn't as good as it used to be. If someone told him he'd been great, he'd reply, 'It was a nice crowd, but my reed was off' or 'I wasn't so good on the third number'. Strangely, in spite of his hearing problems, he had the most incredible ear, which often drove those he worked with nuts. There could be an orchestra of a hundred musicians, and if one played a bum note he'd know exactly who was responsible."|source=—Barbara Sinatra on Sinatra's voice and musical understanding.{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=240}}}}
Sinatra's split with Gardner in the fall of 1953 had a profound impact on the types of songs he sang and on his voice. He began to console himself in songs with a "brooding melancholy", such as "[[I'm a Fool to Want You]]", "[[Don't Worry 'Bout Me]]", "[[My One and Only Love]]" and "[[There Will Never Be Another You]]",{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=232}} which Riddle believed was the direct influence of Ava Gardner. Lahr comments that the new Sinatra was "not the gentle boy balladeer of the forties. Fragility had gone from his voice, to be replaced by a virile adult's sense of happiness and hurt".{{sfn|Lahr|2000|p=69}} Author Granata considered Sinatra a "master of the art of recording", noting that his work in the studio "set him apart from other gifted vocalists". During his career he made over 1000 recordings.{{sfn|Granata|2003|pp=xiii–xvi}} Recording sessions would typically last three hours, though Sinatra would always prepare for them by spending at least an hour by the piano beforehand to vocalize, followed by a short rehearsal with the orchestra to ensure the balance of sound.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=36}} During his Columbia years Sinatra used an RCA 44 microphone, which Granata describes as "the 'old-fashioned' microphone which is closely associated with Sinatra's crooner image of the 1940s", though when performing on talk shows later he used a bullet-shaped [[RCA Type 77-DX microphone|RCA 77]].{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=37}} At Capitol he used a [[Neumann U47]], an "ultra-sensitive" microphone which better captured the timbre and tone of his voice.{{sfn|Granata|2003|pp=111–112}}
In the 1950s, Sinatra's career was facilitated by developments in technology. As disc jockey [[Jonathan Schwartz (radio)|Jonathan Schwartz]] said, "Never before had there been an opportunity for a popular singer to express emotions at an extended length". In the words of author John Lahr, "As many as sixteen songs could be held by the twelve-inch L.P., and this allowed Sinatra to use song in a novelistic way, turning each track in a kind of chapter, which built and counterpointed moods to illuminate a larger theme".{{sfn|Lahr|2000|pp=69–70}} Santopietro writes that through the 1950s and well into the 1960s, "Every Sinatra LP was a masterpiece of one sort of another, whether uptempo, torch song, or swingin' affairs. Track after track, the brilliant concept albums redefined the nature of pop vocal art".{{Sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=239}}
== Film career ==
{{See also|Frank Sinatra filmography}}
=== Debut, musical films, and career slump (1941–1952) ===
[[File:Frank Sinatra in Till the Clouds Roll By.jpg|thumb|left|Sinatra in ''[[Till the Clouds Roll By]]'' (1946)]]
Sinatra attempted to pursue an acting career in Hollywood in the early 1940s. While films appealed to him,{{Sfn|Young|Young|2010|p=635}} being exceptionally self-confident,{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=6}} he was rarely enthusiastic about his own acting, once remarking that "pictures stink".{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=57}} Sinatra made his film debut in 1941, performing in an uncredited sequence in ''[[Las Vegas Nights]]'', singing "I'll Never Smile Again" with Tommy Dorsey's Pied Pipers.<ref>{{cite book|work=Billboard|title=Jazzmen Have Always Favored FS|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44|date=November 24, 1973|page=44|first=Leonard|last=Feather|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> In 1943 he had a cameo role along with Duke Ellington and Count Basie in [[Charles Barton (director)|Charles Barton]]'s ''[[Reveille with Beverly]]'', making a brief appearance singing "[[Night and Day (song)|Night and Day]]".{{sfn|Knight|2010|p=80}} The following year he was given leading roles in ''[[Higher and Higher (film)|Higher and Higher]]'' and ''[[Step Lively (1944 film)|Step Lively]]'' for [[RKO Pictures]].{{sfn|Knight|2010|p=16, 20}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9900E6DC1030E53BBC4A51DFB766838F659EDE|title=Lower and Lower |work=The New York Times|first=Bosley|last=Crowther|date=January 22, 1944|accessdate=August 31, 2015}}</ref>
In 1945, [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] cast Sinatra opposite [[Gene Kelly]] and [[Kathryn Grayson]] in the [[Technicolor]] musical ''[[Anchors Aweigh (film)|Anchors Aweigh]]'', in which he played a sailor on leave in Hollywood for four days.{{sfn|Knight|2010|p=29}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F0DE3DC103BEE3BBC4851DFB166838E659EDE | title='Anchors Aweigh,' Gay Musical Film, With Gene Kelly, Frank Sinatra and Miss Grayson, Opens at the Capitol Theatre | work=The New York Times | date=July 20, 1945 | author=Crowther, Bosley | accessdate=October 5, 2015}}</ref> A major success,{{sfn|Knight|2010|p=32}} it garnered several Academy Award wins and nominations, and the song "[[I Fall in Love Too Easily]]", sung by Sinatra in the film, was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1946 | title=The 18th Academy Awards | publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences | accessdate=October 5, 2015}}</ref> In 1946, Sinatra briefly appeared at the end of [[Richard Whorf]]'s commercially successful ''[[Till the Clouds Roll By]]'', a Technicolor musical biopic of [[Jerome Kern]], in which he sang "[[Ol' Man River]]''.{{sfnm|1a1=Green|1y=1999|1p=141|2a1=Santopietro|2y=2008|2p=81}}
In 1949, Sinatra co-starred with Gene Kelly in the Technicolor musical ''[[Take Me Out to the Ball Game (film)|Take Me Out to the Ball Game]]'', a film set in 1908, in which Sinatra and Kelly play baseball players who are part-time vaudevillians.{{sfn|McGuiggan|2009|p=86}} He teamed up with Kelly for a third time in ''[[On the Town (film)|On the Town]]'', playing a sailor on leave in New York City. Today the film is rated very highly by critics, and in 2006 it ranked No. 19 on the [[American Film Institute]]'s [[AFI's 100 Years of Musicals|list of best musicals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/100years/musicals.aspx|title=AFI's 25 Greatest Movie Musicals of All Time|publisher=American Film Institute|accessdate=August 31, 2015}}</ref> Both ''[[Double Dynamite]]'' (1951), an RKO [[Irving Cummings]] comedy produced by [[Howard Hughes]],{{sfn|Hernandez|2010|pp=287–288}} and [[Joseph Pevney]]'s ''[[Meet Danny Wilson (film)|Meet Danny Wilson]]'' (1952) failed to make an impression.{{sfnm|1a1=Santopietro|1y=2008|1pp=128–129|2a1=Knight|2y=2010|2p=77}} The ''New York World Telegram and Sun'' ran the headline "Gone on Frankie in '42; Gone in '52".{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=196}}
=== Career comeback and prime (1953–1959) ===
[[File:Frank Sinatra as Maggio From Here to Eternity.jpg|thumb|right|Sinatra as Maggio in ''[[From Here to Eternity]]'' (1953)]]
[[File:Grace Kelly Frank Sinatra on the set of High Society 1956.jpg|thumb|right|Sinatra and Grace Kelly on the set of ''[[High Society (1956 film)|High Society]]'' (1956)]]
[[Fred Zinnemann]]'s ''[[From Here to Eternity]]'' deals with the tribulations of three soldiers, played by [[Burt Lancaster]], [[Montgomery Clift]], and Sinatra, stationed on [[Hawaii]] in the months leading up to the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].{{sfn|Knight|2010|p=86}} Sinatra had long been desperate to find a film role which would bring him back into the spotlight, and Columbia Pictures boss [[Harry Cohn]] had been inundated by appeals from people across Hollywood to give Sinatra a chance to star as "Maggio" in the film.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=210, 214}}{{efn|Sinatra successfully later sued a BBC interviewer who claimed that he'd used his Mafia connections to get the part.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=215}}}} During production, Montgomery Clift became a close friend,{{sfn|Wayne|2004|p=164}} and Sinatra later professed that he "learned more about acting from him than anybody I ever knew before".<ref>{{cite book|title=Out, Issues 82–85 – Sinatra on From Here to Eternity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOXZAAAAMAAJ|date=September 2000|publisher=Out Pub., Incorporated|page=44}}</ref> After several years of critical and commercial decline, his [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]] win helped him regain his position as the top recording artist in the world.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schmidt |first=M.A.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/movies/bestpictures/eternity-ar.html|title=Back on the High Road With a Busy Minstrel|work=The New York Times|date=May 9, 1954|accessdate=August 31, 2015}}</ref> His performance also won a [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture]].<ref name=GoldenGlobes>{{cite web | url=http://www.goldenglobes.com/frank-sinatra | title=Frank Sinatra at the Golden Globe Awards | publisher=[[Golden Globe Award]]s | accessdate=October 7, 2015 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115021651/http://www.goldenglobes.com/frank-sinatra | archivedate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> The ''Los Angeles Examiner'' wrote that Sinatra is "simply superb, comical, pitiful, childishly brave, pathetically defiant", commenting that his death scene is "one of the best ever photographed".{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=224}}
In 1954 Sinatra starred opposite [[Doris Day]] in the musical film ''[[Young at Heart (1954 film)|Young at Heart]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D04E3D7123AE53BBC4851DFB766838E649EDE|title=The Screen in Review; Doris Day and Sinatra Star at Paramount|work=The New York Times|date=January 20, 1955|author=Crowther, Bosley|accessdate=October 5, 2015}}</ref> and earned critical praise for his performance as a psychopathic killer posing as an [[FBI]] agent opposite [[Sterling Hayden]] in the [[film noir]] ''[[Suddenly (1954 film)|Suddenly]]''.{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|pp=147–148}}
Sinatra was nominated for an [[Academy Award for Best Actor]] and [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]] for his role as a heroin addict in ''[[The Man With The Golden Arm]]'' (1955).{{sfn|Geraghty|2011|p=18}}{{efn|Sinatra later remarked that he had always considered his performance in ''The Man With The Golden Arm'' to have been the greatest of his film career, and that he'd won the Oscar for the wrong role.{{Sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=195}}}} After roles in ''[[Guys and Dolls (film)|Guys and Dolls]]'',{{Sfn|Santopietro|2008|pp=168–170}} and ''[[The Tender Trap (film)|The Tender Trap]]'',{{sfnm|1a1=Turner|1y=2004|1p=93|2a1=Santopietro|2y=2008|2p=175}} Sinatra was nominated for a [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]] for his role as hospital orderly in [[Stanley Kramer]]'s début picture, ''[[Not as a Stranger]]''.{{sfnm|1a1=Knight|1y=2010|1p=110|2a1=Epstein|2y=2013|2p=98}} During production, Sinatra got drunk with [[Robert Mitchum]] and [[Broderick Crawford]] and trashed Kramer's dressing room.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=257}} Kramer vowed to never hire Sinatra again at the time, and later regretted casting him as a Spanish guerrilla leader in ''[[The Pride and the Passion]]'' (1957).{{sfn|Hickey|2015|p=76}}<ref>{{cite book|title=New York Magazine – Television Highlights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-MCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA85|date=September 7, 1992|publisher=New York Media, LLC|page=85|issn=0028-7369}}</ref>
In 1956 Sinatra featured alongside [[Bing Crosby]] and [[Grace Kelly]] in ''[[High Society (1956 film)|High Society]]'' for MGM, earning a reported $250,000 for the picture.{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=203}} The public rushed to the cinemas to see Sinatra and Crosby together on-screen, and it ended up earning over $13{{nbsp}}million at the box office, becoming one of the highest-grossing pictures of 1956.{{sfn|Knight|2010|p=136}} In 1957, Sinatra starred opposite [[Rita Hayworth]] and [[Kim Novak]] in [[George Sidney]]'s ''[[Pal Joey (film)|Pal Joey]]'', for which he won for the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]].<ref name=GoldenGlobes /> Santopietro considers the scene in which Sinatra sings "[[The Lady Is a Tramp]]" to Hayworth to have been the finest moment of his film career.{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|pp=235–236}} He next portrayed comedian [[Joe E. Lewis]] in ''[[The Joker Is Wild]]'';{{sfn|O'Brien|2014|p=221}} the song "[[All the Way (Frank Sinatra song)|All the Way]]" won the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]].<ref>{{cite book|work=Billboard|title=The Billboard Eleventh Annual Disk Jockey Poll|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7AoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36|date=December 15, 1958|page=36|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> By 1958 Sinatra was one of the ten biggest box office draws in the United States,{{Sfn|Kelley|1986|p=282}} appearing with Dean Martin and [[Shirley MacLaine]] in [[Vincente Minnelli]]'s ''[[Some Came Running (film)|Some Came Running]]'' and ''[[Kings Go Forth]]'' with [[Tony Curtis]] and [[Natalie Wood]].{{sfnm|1a1=Early|1y=2004|1p=16|2a1=O'Brien|2y=2014|2pp=236, 243}} "[[High Hopes (1959 song)|High Hopes]]", sung by Sinatra in the [[Frank Capra]] comedy, ''[[A Hole in the Head]]'' (1959),<ref>{{cite book|title=Italian Americana – A Hole in the Head|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dS92AAAAMAAJ|year=1976|publisher=State University of New York College at Buffalo.|page=251}}</ref>{{sfn|Marill|1990|p=184}} won the Academy Award for Best Original Song,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1960 | title=The 32nd Academy Awards | publisher=[[Academy Awards|Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] | accessdate=October 1, 2015}}</ref> and became a chart hit, lasting on the Hot 100 for 17 weeks.{{sfn|Sackett|1995|p=152}}
=== Later career (1960–1988) ===
[[File:Frank Sinatra as Tony Rome.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Sinatra as Tony Rome]]
Due to an obligation he owed to [[20th Century Fox]] for walking off the set of [[Henry King (director)|Henry King]]'s ''[[Carousel (film)|Carousel]]'' (1956),{{efn|Sinatra had stormed off the set when he learned that the film was to be shot in both Cinemascope and a new 55-millimeter process. Refusing to make "two pictures for the price of one", he left the production and did not return. Fox initially sued Sinatra for a million dollars for breach of contract and replaced him with [[Gordon MacRae]]. Fox agreed to drop the charges on condition that he appear in another picture of theirs.{{sfn|Hickey|2015|p=76}}}} in 1960 Sinatra starred opposite [[Shirley MacLaine]], [[Maurice Chevalier]] and [[Louis Jourdan]] in ''[[Can-Can (film)|Can-Can]]''. He earned $200,000 and 25% of the profits for the performance.{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=273}} Later that year he starred in the Las Vegas-set ''[[Ocean's 11 (1960 film)|Ocean's 11]]'', the first film to feature the Rat Pack together and the start of a "new era of screen cool" for Santopietro.{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=285}} Sinatra personally financed the film, and paid Martin and Davis Jr. fees of $150,000 and $125,000 respectively, sums considered exorbitant for the period.{{sfn|Rojek|2004|p=144}} In 1962, Sinatra had a leading role opposite [[Laurence Harvey]] in ''[[The Manchurian Candidate (1962 film)|The Manchurian Candidate]]'', which he considered to be the role he was most excited about and the high point of his film career.{{sfnm|1a1=Sinatra|1y=1986|1p=336|2a1=Santopietro|2y=2008|2p=295}} [[Vincent Canby]], writing for the magazine ''Variety'', found the portrayal of Sinatra's character to be "a wide-awake pro creating a straight, quietly humorous character of some sensitivity."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://variety.com/1962/film/reviews/the-manchurian-candidate-1200420234/ | title=Review: 'The Manchurian Candidate' | work=Variety | date=October 17, 1962 | accessdate=October 30, 2015 | author=Canby, Vincent}}</ref> He appeared with the Rat Pack in the western ''[[Sergeants 3]]'', following it with ''[[4 for Texas]]'' in 1963.{{sfn|Rojek|2004|p=144}} For his performance in ''[[Come Blow Your Horn (film)|Come Blow Your Horn]]'', he was nominated for the [[Golden Globe Award]] for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.<ref name=GoldenGlobes />
''[[Von Ryan's Express]]'' in 1965 was a major success,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/24787/Marriage-on-the-Rocks/articles.html|title=Marriage on the Rocks (1965)|publisher=Turner Classic Movies|accessdate=October 3, 2015|author=LoBianco, Lorraine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeout.com/london/film/von-ryans-express-1965|title=Von Ryan's Express|work=Time Out|accessdate=October 3, 2015}}</ref> and Sinatra directed ''[[None but the Brave]]'' that year.{{sfn|Knight|2010|p=262}} However, in the mid 1960s, [[Brad Dexter]] wanted to "breathe new life" into Sinatra's film career by helping him display the same professional pride in his films as he did his recordings. On one occasion, he gave Sinatra [[Anthony Burgess]]'s novel ''[[A Clockwork Orange (novel)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' (1962) to read, with the idea of making a film, but Sinatra thought it had no potential and did not understand a word.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=392}}{{efn|The [[A Clockwork Orange (film)|film]] was later made by [[Stanley Kubrick]] in 1971 and is now considered to be one of the greatest films of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/movies100.pdf|title=American Film Institute's list of the 100 Greatest Movies|format=PDF|publisher=[[American Film Institute]]|accessdate=October 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/sightandsoundpolls/2012/critics |title=Sight & Sound – Critics' Top 250 Films |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |accessdate=October 3, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026034922/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/sightandsoundpolls/2012/critics |archivedate=October 26, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref>}}
In the late 1960s, Sinatra became known for playing detectives,{{Sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=388}} including Tony Rome in ''[[Tony Rome]]'' (1967) and its sequel ''[[Lady In Cement]]'' (1968).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/tony-rome-1967|title=Tony Rome|publisher=RogerEbert.com|date=November 22, 1967|accessdate=October 4, 2015|author=Ebert, Roger}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F01E4DA1230EF34BC4951DFB7678383679EDE|title=Lady in Cement' Here|work=The New York Times|date=November 21, 1968|accessdate=October 4, 2015|last=Canby |first=Vincent}}</ref> He also played a similar role in 1968's ''[[The Detective (1968 film)|The Detective]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-detective-1968|title=The Detective|publisher=RogerEbert.com|date=July 12, 1968|accessdate=October 4, 2015|author=Ebert, Roger}}</ref>
In 1970, Sinatra starred opposite [[George Kennedy]] in the western ''[[Dirty Dingus Magee]]'', an "abysmal" affair according to Santopietro,{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=409}} which was panned by the critics.{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=414}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Ebert, Roger|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/dirty-dingus-magee-1970|title=Dirty Dingus Magee|publisher=RogerEbert.com|date=November 23, 1970|accessdate=August 31, 2015}}</ref> The following year, Sinatra received a [[Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award]]<ref name=GoldenGlobes /> and had intended to play Detective [[Harry Callahan (character)|Harry Callahan]] in ''[[Dirty Harry]]'' (1971), but had to turn the role down due to developing [[Dupuytren's contracture]] in his hand.{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|pp=414–415}} Sinatra's last major film role was opposite [[Faye Dunaway]] in [[Brian G. Hutton]]'s ''[[The First Deadly Sin]]'' (1980). Santopietro said that as a troubled New York City homicide cop, Sinatra gave an "extraordinarily rich", heavily layered characterization, one which "made for one terrific farewell" to his film career.{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=648}}
== Television and radio career ==
[[File:Dean Martin Show 1958 Dean Martin Frank Sinatra.JPG|thumb|Dean Martin and Frank Sinatra on ''The Dean Martin Show'' in 1958]]
After beginning on the ''[[Major Bowes Amateur Hour]]'' radio show with the Hoboken Four in 1935, and later WNEW and WAAT in Jersey City,{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=27}} Sinatra became the star of various radio shows of his own on [[NBC]] and [[CBS]] from the early 1940s to the mid 1950s. In 1942 Sinatra hired arranger Axel Stordahl away from Tommy Dorsey before he began his first radio program that year, keeping Stordahl with him for all of his radio work.{{sfn|Dunning|1998|pp=260–261}} By the end of 1942 he was named the "Most Popular Male Vocalist on Radio" in a ''DownBeat'' poll.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3406256/sinatra_most_popular_vocalist_on_radio/|title=Sinatra Most Popular Vocalist on Radio |work=Harrisburg Telegraph ([[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]])|date=January 16, 1943|page=45|accessdate=October 12, 2015| via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref> Early on he frequently worked with the popular [[The Andrews Sisters|Andrews Sisters]] on radio, and they would appear as guests on each other's shows,{{sfn|Nimmo|2004|p=228}} as well as on many USO shows broadcast to troops via the [[Armed Forces Radio Service]] (AFRS).{{sfn|Sforza|2015|p=80}} He appeared as a special guest in the sisters' ABC ''Eight-to-the-Bar Ranch'' series,{{sfn|Nimmo|2004|p=444}} while the trio in turn guested on his ''[[Songs by Sinatra]]'' series on CBS.{{sfn|Sforza|2015|p=99}} Sinatra had two stints as a regular member of cast of ''[[Your Hit Parade]]'';{{efn| ''[[Your Hit Parade]]'' was a popular weekly radio and television program from 1935 to 1958. Sponsored by American Tobacco Company's Lucky Strike brand of cigarettes, the show featured the top ten songs of each week.{{sfn|Nachman|2000|pp=170–173}}}} his first was from 1943 to 1945,{{sfn|Kaplan|2011|p=196}} and second was from 1946 to May 28, 1949,{{sfn|Dunning|1998|p=261}} during which he was paired with the then-new girl singer, [[Doris Day]].{{sfn|Nachman|2000|p=172}} Starting in September 1949, the [[BBDO|BBD&O]] advertising agency produced a radio series starring Sinatra for Lucky Strike called ''Light Up Time'' – some 176 15-minute shows which featured Frank and [[Dorothy Kirsten]] singing – which lasted through to May 1950.{{sfnm|1a1=Ridgeway|1y=1977|1p=59|2a1=Sinatra|2y=1986|2p=70}}
In October 1951, the second season of ''[[The Frank Sinatra Show (CBS TV series)|The Frank Sinatra Show]]'' began on [[CBS Television]]. Ultimately, Sinatra did not find the success on television for which he had hoped.{{efn|Producer [[Irving Mansfield]] described Sinatra as being obsessed with the thought that his wife, Ava Gardner, was having an affair with her former husband, Artie Shaw. He often started shouting about this on the set of the television show when he phoned his home and could not reach Gardner. Mansfield had to communicate with Sinatra through the entourage that always accompanied him to CBS. Sinatra was always late to work and did not care to spend any time at rehearsal; he blamed all those connected with the program for the poor ratings it received. Mansfield was at his wits' end with Sinatra and his television show and quit the program. Mansfield informed him that he was man of great talent but a failure as a person, which led to Sinatra attempting to angrily fire him. Mansfield replied that he was too late, as he had resigned that morning.{{sfn|Hernandez|2010|pp=284–285}}}} Santopietro writes that Sinatra "simply never appeared fully at ease on his own television series, his edgy, impatient personality conveying a pent up energy on the verge of exploding".{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=113}} In 1953 Sinatra starred in the NBC radio program ''[[Rocky Fortune]]'', portraying Rocco Fortunato (a.k.a. Rocky Fortune), a "footloose and fancy free" temporary worker for the Gridley Employment Agency who stumbles into crime-solving. The series aired on NBC radio Tuesday nights from October 1953 to March 1954.{{Sfn|Terrace|1998|p=287}}
In 1957, Sinatra formed a three-year $3{{nbsp}}million contract with ABC to launch ''[[The Frank Sinatra Show (ABC)|The Frank Sinatra Show]]'', featuring himself and guests in 36 half hour shows. ABC agreed to allow Sinatra's Hobart Productions to keep 60% of the residuals, and bought stock in Sinatra's film production unit, Kent Productions, guaranteeing him $7{{nbsp}}million.{{Sfn|Kelley|1986|p=278}} Though an initial critical success upon its debut on October 18, 1957, it soon attracted negative reviews from ''Variety'' and ''[[The New Republic]]'', and ''[[The Chicago Sun-Times]]'' thought that Sinatra and frequent guest Dean Martin "performed like a pair of adult delinquents", "sharing the same cigarette and leering at girls".{{Sfn|Kelley|1986|p=280}} In return, Sinatra later made numerous appearances on ''[[The Dean Martin Show]]'' and Martin's TV specials.{{Sfn|Terrace|2013|p=123}}
Sinatra's fourth and final [[Timex Group USA|Timex]] TV special, ''[[The Frank Sinatra Timex Show: Welcome Home Elvis|Welcome Home Elvis]]'', was broadcast in March 1960, earning massive viewing figures. During the show, he performed a duet with Elvis, who sang Sinatra's 1957 hit "[[Witchcraft (1957 song)|Witchcraft]]" with Frank performing the 1956 Elvis classic "[[Love Me Tender (song)|Love Me Tender]]". Sinatra had previously been highly critical of [[Elvis Presley]] and rock and roll in the 1950s, describing it as a "deplorable, a rancid smelling aphrodisiac" which "fosters almost totally negative and destructive reactions in young people."{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=283}}{{efn|Presley had responded to the criticism: "... [Sinatra] is a great success and a fine actor, but I think he shouldn't have said it ... [rock and roll] is a trend, just the same as he faced when he started years ago."{{sfn|Hopkins|2011|p=126}}}} A [[CBS News]] special about the singer's 50th birthday, ''[[Frank Sinatra: A Man and His Music]]'', was broadcast on November 16, 1965, and garnered both an Emmy award and a [[Peabody Award]].{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=306}}
According his musical collaboration with Jobim and [[Ella Fitzgerald]] in 1967, Sinatra appeared in the TV special, ''[[A Man and His Music + Ella + Jobim]]'', which was broadcast on CBS on November 13.{{sfn|Terrace|2013|p=157}} When Sinatra came out of retirement in 1973, he released both an album and appeared in a TV special named "Ol' Blue Eyes Is Back". The TV special was highlighted by a dramatic reading of "[[Send in the Clowns]]" and a song-and-dance sequence with former co-star Gene Kelly.{{sfn|Turner|2004|p=167}} In the late 1970s, John Denver appeared as a guest in the ''Sinatra and Friends'' ABC-TV Special, singing "September Song" as a duet.{{Sfn|Rees|Crampton|1999|p=286}}
In 1977, Sinatra starred as a detective in ''[[Contract on Cherry Street]]'', cited as his "one starring role in a dramatic television film".{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=430}} Ten years later, he made a guest appearance opposite [[Tom Selleck]] in ''[[Magnum, P.I.]]'', playing a retired policeman who teams up with Selleck to find his granddaughter's murderer. Shot in January 1987, the episode aired on CBS on February 25.{{sfn|O'Brien|1998}}
== Personal life ==
{{See also|Personal life of Frank Sinatra}}
Sinatra had three children, [[Nancy Sinatra|Nancy]] (born 1940), [[Frank Sinatra Jr.|Frank Jr.]] (1944–2016), and [[Tina Sinatra|Tina]] (born 1948) with his first wife, Nancy Sinatra (née Barbato; March 25, 1917 – July 13, 2018), to whom he was married from 1939 to 1951.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/sinatra/94184.stm|title=Frank Sinatra's love and marriage|work=BBC News|date=May 15, 1998|accessdate=October 9, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fox |first1=Margalit |title=Nancy Barbato Sinatra, an Idol's First Wife and Lasting Confidante, Dies at 101 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/14/obituaries/nancy-barbato-sinatra-dead.html |accessdate=July 14, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 14, 2018 |language=en |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20180714053732/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/14/obituaries/nancy-barbato-sinatra-dead.html |archivedate=July 14, 2018}}</ref>
Sinatra had met Barbato in [[Long Branch, New Jersey]] in the late 1930s, where he spent most of the summer working as a [[lifeguard]].{{sfn|Hazard|2007|p=99}} He agreed to marry her after an incident at "The Rustic Cabin" which led to his arrest.{{efn|While working at "The Rustic Cabin" in 1939 he became involved in a dispute between his girlfriend, Toni Della Penta, who suffered a miscarriage, and Nancy Barbato, a stonemason's daughter. After Della Penta attempted to tear off Barbato's dress, Sinatra ordered Barbato away and told Della Pinta that he would marry Barbato, several years his junior, because she was pregnant. Della Penta went to the police, and Sinatra was arrested on a morals charge for seduction. After a fight between Della Penta and Dolly, Della Penta was later arrested herself.{{sfn|Wilson|Wilson|2011}} Sinatra married Barbato that year,{{sfn|Turner|2004|p=15}} and Nancy Sinatra was born the following year.{{sfn|Goldstein|1982|p=8}}}} Sinatra had numerous extramarital affairs,{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=62–64}} and gossip magazines published details of affairs with women including [[Marilyn Maxwell]], [[Lana Turner]], and [[Joi Lansing]].{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=127}}{{efn|Turner later denied the claims in her 1992 autobiography, saying, "The closest things to dates Frank and I enjoyed were a few box lunches at MGM".{{Sfn|Summers|Swan|2010|p=157}}}}
{{quote box|width=22em|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=left|quote="Frank attracted women. He couldn't help it. Just to look at him—the way he moved, and how he behaved—was to know that he was a great lover and true gentleman. He adored the company of women and knew how to treat them. I had friends whose husbands were 'players', and every time the husbands had affairs my friends were showered with gifts. Well, I was constantly showered with gifts, but no matter what temptations Frank may have had while I wasn't around, he made me feel so safe and loved that I never became paranoid about losing him."|source=—Barbara Sinatra on Sinatra's popularity with women.{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=219}}}}
Sinatra was married to Hollywood actress [[Ava Gardner]] from 1951 to 1957. It was a turbulent marriage with many well-publicized fights and altercations.{{Sfn|Kelley|1986|p=202}} The couple formally announced their separation on October 29, 1953, through MGM.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=229}} Gardner filed for divorce in June 1954, at a time when she was dating matador [[Luis Miguel Dominguín]],{{sfn|Wayne|2004|p=15}} but the divorce was not settled until 1957.{{sfn|Sonneborn|2002|p=79}} Sinatra continued to feel very strongly for her,{{sfn|Sonneborn|2002|p=79}} and they remained friends for life.{{Sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=221}} He was still dealing with her finances in 1976.{{Sfn|Kelley|1986|p=486}}
Sinatra reportedly broke off engagements to [[Lauren Bacall]] in 1958{{sfn|Lahr|2000|pp=76–77}} and [[Juliet Prowse]] in 1962.{{sfn|Rojek|2004|pp=107–108}} He married [[Mia Farrow]] on July 19, 1966, a short marriage that ended with divorce in Mexico in August 1968.{{Sfn|Santopietro|2008|pp=361, 398}} They remained close friends for life,{{Sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=361}} and in a 2013 interview Farrow said that Sinatra might be the father of her son [[Ronan Farrow]] (born 1987).<ref name="GuardianFarrow">{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/oct/02/woody-allen-son-ronan-frank-sinatra-mia-farrow | title=Mia Farrow: Woody Allen's son Ronan may be Frank Sinatra's | work=The Guardian | date=October 2, 2013 | accessdate=October 7, 2015 | author=Shoard, Catherine}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2013/10/mia-farrow-children-family-scandal | title = Mia Farrow and Eight of Her Children Speak Out on Their Lives, Frank Sinatra, and the Scandals They've Endured| work = [[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] | date=October 2, 2013 | accessdate=October 2, 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031041558/http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2013/10/mia-farrow-children-family-scandal | archivedate=October 31, 2013}}</ref> In a 2015 ''CBS Sunday Morning'' interview, Nancy Sinatra dismissed the claim as "nonsense".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/642284/nancy-sinatra-opens-up-about-frank-sinatra-sister-mia-farrow-and-ronan-farrow-paternity-rumor|title=Nancy Sinatra Opens Up About Frank Sinatra, Mia Farrow & Son Ronan|work=E! Online|access-date=2017-11-06|language=en-US}}</ref>
Sinatra was married to [[Barbara Marx]] from 1976 until his death.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/features/8556824/My-life-with-Frank-Sinatra.html | title=My life with Frank Sinatra | work=The Daily Telegraph | agency=June 5, 2011 | accessdate=October 7, 2015 | author=Elsworth, Catherine}}</ref> The couple married on July 11, 1976, at [[Sunnylands]], in [[Rancho Mirage, California]], the estate of media magnate [[Walter Annenberg]].{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|pp=249–250}}
Sinatra was close friends with [[Jilly Rizzo]],{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=94}} songwriter Jimmy Van Heusen, golfer [[Ken Venturi]], comedian [[Pat Henry (comedian)|Pat Henry]] and baseball manager [[Leo Durocher]].{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=3}} In his spare time, he enjoyed listening to classical music and attended concerts when he could.{{sfn|Friedwald|1995|p=21}} He swam daily in the Pacific Ocean, finding it to be therapeutic and giving him much-needed solitude.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=95}} He often played golf with Venturi at the course in Palm Springs, where he lived,{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=242}} and liked painting, reading, and building model railways.{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=128}}
Though Sinatra was critical of the church on numerous occasions{{Sfn|Kelley|1986|p=493}} and had a [[Albert Einstein's religious views|pantheistic, Einstein-like view of God]] in his earlier life,<ref name=religion>{{cite news|url=http://sinatrafamily.com/forum/29275-Frank-Sinatra-s-1963-Playboy-Magazine-Interview.htm|title=Frank Sinatra's February 1963 Playboy Magazine Interview|last=Hyams|first=Joe|date=February 1963|work=Playboy|accessdate=August 19, 2014}}</ref> he turned to the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] for healing after his mother died in a plane crash in 1977. He died as a practicing Catholic and had a Catholic burial.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20125409,00.html|title=A Swinger with Swagger|work=People|date=June 1, 1998|first1=Alex|last1=Tresniowski|first2=Richard|last2=Lacayo|accessdate=August 17, 2015}}</ref>
=== Style and personality ===
[[File:Frank Sinatra in 1955.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Sinatra in 1955]]
Sinatra was known for his immaculate sense of style.{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=131}} He spent lavishly on expensive custom-tailored tuxedos and stylish pin-striped suits, which made him feel wealthy and important, and that he was giving his very best to the audience.{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=51}}{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=51}} He was also obsessed with cleanliness—while with the Tommy Dorsey band he developed the nickname "Lady Macbeth", because of frequent showering and switching his outfits.{{sfn|Levinson|2001|p=116}} His deep blue eyes earned him the popular nickname "Ol' Blue Eyes".{{sfn|Sirvaitis|2010|p=23}}
For Santopietro, Sinatra was the personification of America in the 1950s: "cocky, eye on the main chance, optimistic, and full of the sense of possibility".{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=231}} Barbara Sinatra wrote, "A big part of Frank's thrill was the sense of danger that he exuded, an underlying, ever-present tension only those closest to him knew could be defused with humor".{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=3}} [[Cary Grant]], a friend of Sinatra's, stated that Sinatra was the "most honest person he'd ever met", who spoke "a simple truth, without artifice which scared people", and was often moved to tears by his performances.{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=224}} Jo-Caroll Dennison commented that he possessed "great inner strength", and that his energy and drive were "enormous".{{sfn|Summers|Swan|2010|p=151}} A workaholic, he reportedly only slept four hours a night on average.{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=16}} Throughout his life, Sinatra had mood swings and bouts of mild to severe [[Depression (mood)|depression]],{{sfn|Sinatra|Coplon|2000|p=47}} stating to an interviewer in the 1950s that "I have an over-acute capacity for sadness as well as elation".{{sfn|Summers|Swan|2010|p=218}} Barbara Sinatra stated that he would "snap at anyone for the slightest misdemeanor",{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=148}} while Van Heusen said that when Sinatra got drunk it was "best to disappear".{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=155}}
Sinatra's mood swings often developed into violence, directed at people he felt had crossed him, particularly journalists who gave him scathing reviews, publicists, and photographers.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=249–250}} According to Rojek he was "capable of deeply offensive behavior that smacked of a persecution complex".{{sfn|Rojek|2004|p=141}} He received negative press for fights with Lee Mortimer in 1947, photographer Eddie Schisser in [[Houston]] in 1950, Judy Garland's publicist [[Jim Byron]] on the [[Sunset Strip]] in 1954,{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=249–250}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3405214/sinatra_vs_jim_byron/|title=Sinatra, Press Agent Trade Blows, Few of Which Connect|work=Oneonta Star ([[Oneonta, New York]])|date=December 10, 1954|page=1|accessdate=October 12, 2015| via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref> and for a confrontation with ''Washington Post'' journalist [[Maxine Cheshire]] in 1973, in which he implied that she was a cheap prostitute.{{sfn|Rojek|2004|p=141}}{{efn|Rojek states that Sinatra verbally assaulted Cheshire at a party in 1973, remarking, "Get away from me, you scum. Go home and take a bath ... You're nothing but a two-dollar cunt. You know what that means, don't you? You've been laying down for two dollars all your life". According to Rojek, Sinatra then proceeded to place two dollar bills in her wine glass and remarked, "Here's two dollars, baby, that's what you're used to".{{sfn|Rojek|2004|p=141}}}} In contrast, Sinatra was known for his generosity,{{sfn|Sinatra|2011|p=146}} particularly after his comeback. Kelley notes that when [[Lee J. Cobb]] nearly died from a heart attack in June 1955, Sinatra flooded him with "books, flowers, delicacies", paid his hospital bills, and visited him daily, telling him that his "finest acting" was yet to come.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=251–252}} In another instance, after an argument with manager Bobby Burns, rather than apologize, Sinatra bought him a brand new [[Cadillac]].{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=53}}
=== Alleged organized-crime links and Cal Neva Lodge ===
[[File:LuckyLucianoSmaller.jpeg|thumb|right|upright|Mugshot of mobster [[Lucky Luciano]] in 1936]]
Sinatra became the stereotype of the "tough working-class Italian American", something which he embraced. Sinatra commented that if it had not been for his interest in music he would "probably have ended in a life of crime".{{sfn|McNally|2015|p=50}} In his early days, [[Willie Moretti]], Sinatra's [[Capo dei capi|godfather]] and notorious [[underboss]] of the [[Genovese crime family]], helped him for kickbacks and was reported to have intervened in releasing him from his contract with Tommy Dorsey.{{sfn|Sifakis|2005|p=420}} Sinatra was present at the Mafia [[Havana Conference]] in 1946,{{sfn|Sifakis|2005|p=419}} and when the press learned of Sinatra's being in Havana with [[Lucky Luciano]], one newspaper published the headline, "Shame, Sinatra".{{sfn|Lahr|2000|p=63}} He was reported to be a good friend of [[Sam Giancana]],{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=343}} and the two men were seen playing golf together.{{sfn|Heymann|2014|p=287}} Kelley quotes Jo-Carrol Silvers in saying that Sinatra "adored" [[Bugsy Siegel]], and boasted to friends about him and how many people he had killed.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=124–125}} Kelley claims that Sinatra and mobster [[Joseph Fischetti]] had been good friends from 1938 onward, and acted like "Sicilian brothers".{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=135}} She also states that Sinatra and [[Hank Sanicola]] were financial partners with [[Mickey Cohen]] in the gossip magazine ''Hollywood Night Life''.{{Sfn|Kelley|1986|p=176}}
The FBI kept records amounting to 2,403 pages on Sinatra, who was a natural target with his alleged Mafia ties, his ardent [[New Deal]] politics and his friendship with [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1075739|title=Sinatra: The FBI Files|publisher=NPR|accessdate=June 14, 2008}}</ref> The FBI kept Sinatra under surveillance for almost five decades beginning in the 1940s. The documents include accounts of Sinatra as the target of death threats and [[extortion]] schemes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/march99/sinatra7.htm|title=AKA Frank Sinatra|publisher=The Washington Post Magazine|accessdate=June 14, 2008|date=March 6, 1999}}</ref> The FBI documented that Sinatra was losing esteem with the Mafia as he grew closer to President Kennedy, whose younger brother Attorney General [[Robert Kennedy]] was leading a crackdown on organized crime.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=327–329}} Sinatra denied Mafia involvement, declaring, "Any report that I fraternized with goons or racketeers is a vicious lie".{{sfn|McNally|2015|p=49}}
In 1960, Sinatra bought a share in the [[Cal Neva Lodge & Casino]], a casino hotel which straddles the California-Nevada state line on the north shores of [[Lake Tahoe]]. Though it only opened between June and September, Sinatra built the Celebrity Room theater, which attracted Sinatra's show business friends [[Red Skelton]], [[Marilyn Monroe]], [[Victor Borge]], [[Joe E. Lewis]], [[Lucille Ball]], [[Lena Horne]], [[Juliet Prowse]], the [[McGuire Sisters]], and others. By 1962 he reportedly held a 50% share in the hotel.{{Sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=347–348, 355}} Sinatra's gambling license was temporarily stripped by the [[Nevada Gaming Control Board]] in 1963 after Giancana was spotted on the premises.<ref>{{cite web|last=Griffith|first=Martin|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2010-03-31-lake-tahoe-rat-pack-casino_N.htm|title=Frank Sinatra's Lake Tahoe casino shuts down |work=USA Today|date=March 31, 2010|accessdate=July 26, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204182309/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2010-03-31-lake-tahoe-rat-pack-casino_N.htm|archivedate=December 4, 2013}}</ref>{{efn|According to Kelley, Giancana blamed Sinatra for the ordeal and was fuming at the abuse he had given to the commission's chairman, Ed Olsen. The two men never spoke again.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=363–364}}}} Due to ongoing pressure from the FBI and Nevada Gaming Commission on mobster control of casinos, Sinatra agreed to give up his share in Cal Neva and the Sands.{{sfn|Waldman|Donovan|1999|p=139}} That year, Sinatra's son, Frank Sinatra Jr., was kidnapped, but was eventually released unharmed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/74976357/?terms=Frank%2BSinatra |title=Sixties Considered Decade of Stress in Movie World|work=Nashua Telegraph ([[Nashua, New Hampshire]])|date=December 18, 1969|page=28|accessdate=October 12, 2015| via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref> Sinatra restored his gaming license in February 1981, following support from [[Ronald Reagan]].{{Sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=408}}
== Politics and activism ==
{{Main|Political life of Frank Sinatra}}
[[File:Eleanor Roosevelt Frank Sinatra.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Sinatra, pictured here with [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] in 1960, was an ardent supporter of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] until the early 1970s.]]
Sinatra held differing political views throughout his life. His mother, Dolly Sinatra (1896–1977), was a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] ward leader,{{sfn|Summers|Swan|2010|p=16}} and after meeting President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] in 1944, he subsequently heavily campaigned for the Democrats in the [[1944 United States presidential election|1944 presidential election]].{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2005|1p=40|2a1=Summers|2a2=Swan|2y=2010|2p=125}} According to Jo Carroll Silvers, in his younger years Sinatra had "ardent liberal" sympathies, and was "so concerned about poor people that he was always quoting [[Henry A. Wallace|Henry Wallace]]".{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=118, 123}} He was outspoken against racism, particularly toward blacks and Italians, from early on. In November 1945 Sinatra was invited by the mayor of [[Gary, Indiana]], to try to settle a strike by white students of Froebel High School against the "Pro-Negro" policies of the new principal.{{sfn|Ingham|2005|p=26}} His comments, while praised by liberal publications, led to accusations by some that he was a [[Communism|Communist]], which he strongly denied.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=122–123}} In the [[1948 United States presidential election|1948 presidential election]], Sinatra actively campaigned for President [[Harry S. Truman]].<ref name="ws;">{{cite web|author=Steve Pond|url=http://www.sinatra.com/legacy/frank-sinatra-and-politics|work=Legacy|title=Frank Sinatra and Politics|publisher=Sinatra.com|date=July 4, 1991|accessdate=July 4, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515000915/http://www.sinatra.com/legacy/frank-sinatra-and-politics|archivedate=May 15, 2011}}</ref> In 1952 and 1956, he also campaigned for [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]].<ref name="ws;" />
Of all the U.S. Presidents he associated with during his career, he was closest to [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref name=ws; /> Sinatra often invited Kennedy to Hollywood and Las Vegas, and the two would womanize and enjoy parties together.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|pp=298–300}} In January 1961 Sinatra and [[Peter Lawford]] organized the Inaugural Gala in Washington, D.C., held on the evening before President Kennedy was sworn into office.<ref name=ws; /> In 1962, Sinatra was snubbed by Kennedy during his visit to [[Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs]] when he decided to stay with the Republican Bing Crosby, due to FBI concerns about Sinatra's alleged connections to organized crime.{{efn|At the time, President Kennedy's brother, Attorney General [[Robert F. Kennedy]], was intensifying his own investigations into organized crime figures such as Chicago mob boss Sam Giancana, who had earlier stayed at Sinatra's home. Kennedy was strongly advised by [[Henry Petersen]], a senior official of the Justice Department, to avoid staying with Sinatra.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=334}} }} Sinatra had invested a lot of his own money in upgrading the facilities at his home in anticipation of the President's visit, fitting it with a heliport, which he later reportedly smashed up with a sledgehammer upon being rejected.{{sfn|Thomas|2013|p=169}} Despite the snub, when he learned of Kennedy's assassination he reportedly sobbed in his bedroom for three days.<ref name=ws; />{{efn|When Sinatra learned that Kennedy's killer [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] had watched ''Suddenly'' just days before the assassination, he withdrew it from circulation, and it only became distributed again in the late 1980s.{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|pp=151–152}}}}
[[File:Frank Sinatra and Ronald Reagan.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Sinatra is awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President [[Ronald Reagan]].]]
Sinatra worked with [[Hubert H. Humphrey]] in 1968,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ol' Red, White, and Blue Eyes: Frank Sinatra and the American Presidency|last=Nelson|first=Michael|year=2000|journal=Popular Music and Society}}</ref> and remained a supporter of the Democratic Party until the early 1970s. Although still a registered Democrat, Sinatra endorsed [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Ronald Reagan]] for a second term as [[Governor of California]] in 1970.{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|pp=224–227}}<ref name="ws;" /> He officially changed allegiance in July 1972 when he supported [[Richard Nixon]] for re-election in the [[1972 United States presidential election|1972 presidential election]].<ref name=ws; />
In the [[1980 United States presidential election|1980 presidential election]], Sinatra supported Ronald Reagan and donated $4 million to Reagan's campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/3673018/Frank-Sinatra-how-the-myth-was-made.html|title=Frank Sinatra: how the myth was made|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=April 30, 2008|accessdate=October 4, 2015|author=Smart, Alastair}}</ref> Sinatra arranged Reagan's Presidential gala, as he had done for Kennedy 20 years previously.<ref>{{cite book|title=New York Magazine – Is Reagan Gala a Kennedy Snub?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eQCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA12|date=December 8, 1980|publisher=New York Media, LLC|page=12|issn=0028-7369}}</ref>{{Sfn|Farris|2013|p=196}} In 1985, Reagan presented Sinatra with the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], remarking, "His love of country, his generosity for those less fortunate ... make him one of our most remarkable and distinguished Americans."<ref name=ESSAY />
Santopietro notes that Sinatra was a "lifelong sympathizer with [[Frank Sinatra and Jewish activism|Jewish causes]]".{{Sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=376}} He was awarded the [[Hollzer Memorial Award]] by the [[History of the Jews in Los Angeles|Los Angeles Jewish Community]] in 1949.{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=301}} He gave a series of concerts in Israel in 1962, and donated his entire $50,000 fee for appearing in a cameo role in ''[[Cast a Giant Shadow]]'' (1966) to the Youth Center in Jerusalem.{{Sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=376}} On November 1, 1972, he raised $6.5{{nbsp}}million in bond pledges for Israel,{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=231}} and was given the Medallion of Valor for his efforts.{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=307}} The Frank Sinatra Student Center at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] was dedicated in his name in 1978.{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=309}} He owned a Jewish skullcap, known as a [[kippah]] or yarmulkah, which was sold as part of his wife's estate many years after his death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/frank-sinatras-yarmulke-fetches-over-9000-at-auction/|title=Frank Sinatra Yarmulke fetches over $9,000 at auction|date=Dec 10, 2018|accessdate=Dec 10, 2018|author=Carroll, Andrew}}</ref>
From his youth, Sinatra displayed sympathy for African Americans and worked both publicly and privately all his life to help the struggle for equal rights. He blamed racial prejudice on the parents of children.{{sfn|Summers|Swan|2010|p=138}} Sinatra played a major role in the [[desegregation]] of [[Nevada]] hotels and casinos in the 1950s and 1960s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Casino Journal: National ed, Volume 18 – Desegregation of Nevada hotels and casinos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DWUsAQAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Casino Journal of Nevada, Incorporated|pages=14–26}}</ref> At the Sands in 1955, Sinatra went against policy by inviting [[Nat King Cole]] into the dining room,{{Sfn|Roman|2011|p=111}} and in 1961, after an incident where an African-American couple entered the lobby of the hotel and were blocked by the security guard, Sinatra and Sammy Davis, Jr. forced the hotel management to begin hiring black waiters and busboys.{{Sfn|Land|Land|2004|p=148}} On January 27, 1961, Sinatra played a benefit show at Carnegie Hall for [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] and led his fellow Rat Pack members and Reprise label mates in boycotting hotels and casinos that refused entry to black patrons and performers. According to his son, [[Frank Sinatra Jr.]], King sat weeping in the audience at one of his father's concerts in 1963 as Sinatra sang "[[Ol' Man River]]", a song from the musical ''[[Show Boat]]'' that is sung by an African-American stevedore.<ref>{{cite news | work=Chicago Tribune | date=June 8, 1998 | url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-06-08/news/9806080001_1_frank-sinatra-sinatra-fan-billie-holiday | title=Race Relations Sinatra's Way}}</ref> When he changed his political affiliations in 1970, Sinatra became less outspoken on racial issues.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=544}} Though he did much towards civil rights causes, it did not stop the occasional racial jibe from him and the other Rat Pack members toward Davis at concerts.<ref name="LAT99" />{{sfn|Sinatra|1986|p=133}}
== Death ==
[[File:Frank Sinatra.jpg|thumb|Sinatra's gravestone at [[Desert Memorial Park]] in Cathedral City, California]]
Sinatra died with his wife at his side at [[Cedars-Sinai Medical Center]] in Los Angeles on May 14, 1998, aged 82, after a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]].<ref name=holden />{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=Introduction xii}} Sinatra was in ill health during the last few years of his life, and was frequently hospitalized for heart and breathing problems, high blood pressure, pneumonia and bladder cancer. He was further diagnosed as having [[dementia]].<ref name="TelegJun11">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/features/8556824/My-life-with-Frank-Sinatra.html|title=My life with Frank Sinatra|author=Ellsworth, Catherine|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=June 5, 2011|accessdate=March 4, 2014}}</ref> He had made no public appearances following a heart attack in February 1997.<ref name="holden">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/16/movies/frank-sinatra-dies-at-82-matchless-stylist-of-pop.html|title=Frank Sinatra Dies at 82; Matchless Stylist of Pop|last=Holden|first=Stephen|authorlink=Stephen Holden|accessdate=5 October 2019|url-access=subscription |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Sinatra's wife encouraged him to "fight" while attempts were made to stabilize him, and reported that his final words were, "I'm losing."<ref name="farewell">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Music/9805/20/sinatra.funeral.early/index.html |title=Hollywood bids Sinatra last farewell|publisher=CNN|accessdate=November 24, 2006}}</ref> Sinatra's daughter, Tina, later wrote that she and her siblings (Frank, Jr. and Nancy) had not been notified of their father's final hospitalization, and it was her belief that "the omission was deliberate. Barbara would be the grieving widow ''alone'' at her husband's side."{{sfn|Sinatra|Coplon|2000|p=286}} The night after Sinatra's death, the lights on the [[Empire State Building]] in New York City were turned blue, the lights at the [[Las Vegas Strip]] were dimmed in his honor, and the casinos stopped spinning for one minute.{{sfn|Kelley|1986|p=Introduction xii}}<ref name="BBCMay98">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/sinatra/94366.stm|title=Empire State Building turns blue as silent tribute|work=BBC News|date=May 15, 1998|accessdate=March 4, 2014}}</ref>
Sinatra's funeral was held at the [[Roman Catholic Church of the Good Shepherd (Beverly Hills)|Roman Catholic Church of the Good Shepherd]] in [[Beverly Hills, California]], on May 20, 1998, with 400 mourners in attendance and thousands of fans outside.<ref name=finalcurtain>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/sinatra/97196.stm|title=Special Report: Final curtain for Sinatra|date=May 20, 1998|accessdate=May 15, 2008|work=BBC News}}</ref> [[Gregory Peck]], [[Tony Bennett]], and Sinatra's son, Frank Jr., addressed the mourners, who included many notable people from film and entertainment.<ref name="farewell" /><ref name=finalcurtain /> Sinatra was buried in a blue business suit with mementos from family members—cherry-flavored [[Life Savers]], [[Tootsie Roll]]s, a bottle of [[Jack Daniel's]], a pack of [[Camel (cigarette)|Camel cigarettes]], a [[Zippo]] lighter, stuffed toys, a dog biscuit, and a roll of dimes that he always carried—next to his parents in section B-8 of [[Desert Memorial Park]] in [[Cathedral City, California]].{{sfnm|1a1=Sinatra|1a2=Coplon|1y=2000|1p=347|2a1=Brooks|2a2=Brooks|2y=2006|2pp=243–245}}
His close friends Jilly Rizzo and Jimmy Van Heusen are buried nearby. The words "[[The Best Is Yet to Come]]", plus "Beloved Husband & Father" are imprinted on Sinatra's grave marker.{{sfn|Wayne|2006|p=360}} Significant increases in recording sales worldwide were reported by ''Billboard'' in the month of his death.<ref name="Billboard 0598">{{cite book|work=Billboard|title= Around The World, Retail Demand Is High For Sinatra's Recordings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQ4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA93|date=May 30, 1998|page=93|issn=0006-2510}}</ref>
== Legacy and honors ==
{{See also|List of awards and nominations received by Frank Sinatra}}
[[File:Frank Sinatra Billboard.jpg|thumb|Sinatra, {{circa}} 1943]]
American music critic [[Robert Christgau]] referred to Sinatra as "the greatest singer of the 20th century".<ref name="Christgau">{{cite journal|last=Christgau|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Christgau|year=1998|url=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/music/sinatra-det.php|title=Frank Sinatra 1915–1998|journal=Details|accessdate=January 10, 2015}}</ref> His popularity was later matched only by [[Elvis Presley]], [[The Beatles]], and [[Michael Jackson]].<ref name="holden" /> For Santopietro, Sinatra was the "greatest male pop singer in the history of America",{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|p=456}} who amassed "unprecedented power onscreen and off", and "seemed to exemplify the common man, an ethnic twentieth-century American male who reached the 'top of the heap', yet never forgot his roots". Santopietro argues that Sinatra created his own world, which he was able to dominate—his career was centred around power, perfecting the ability to capture an audience.{{sfn|Santopietro|2008|pp=76–78}} [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] referred to Sinatra as "often hailed as the greatest American singer of 20th-century popular music....Through his life and his art, he transcended the status of mere icon to become one of the most recognizable symbols of American culture."<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite journal|last=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frank-Sinatra|title=Frank Sinatra|journal=Details|accessdate=December 8, 2018}}</ref>
Composer [[Gus Levene]] commented that Sinatra's strength was that when it came to lyrics, telling a story musically, Sinatra displayed a "genius" ability and feeling, which with the "rare combination of voice and showmanship" made him the "original singer" which others who followed most tried to emulate.{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=68}} [[George Roberts (trombonist)|George Roberts]], a trombonist in Sinatra's band, remarked that Sinatra had a "charisma, or whatever it is about him, that no one else had".{{sfn|Granata|2003|p=32}} Biographer Arnold Shaw considered that "If Las Vegas had not existed, Sinatra could have invented it". He quoted reporter [[James Bacon (author)|James Bacon]] in saying that Sinatra was the "swinging image on which the town is built", adding that no other entertainer quite "embodied the glamour" associated with Las Vegas as him.{{sfn|Shaw|1982|p=48}} Sinatra continues to be seen as one of the icons of the 20th century,{{sfn|Rojek|2004|p=1}}
and has three stars on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] for his work in film and music. There are stars on east and west sides of the 1600 block of [[Vine Street]] respectively, and one on the south side of the 6500 block of [[Hollywood Boulevard]] for his work in television.<ref name=LATimes>{{cite news|url=http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/frank-sinatra|title=Hollywood Star Walk – Frank Sinatra|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=March 4, 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Frank Sinatra's Star.jpg|thumb|left|Frank Sinatra's television star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]], located on 1637 Vine Street]]
In Sinatra's native New Jersey, Hoboken's [[Frank Sinatra Park]], the Hoboken Post Office,<ref name=stamp /> and a residence hall at [[Montclair State University]] were named in his honor.<ref name="MSU">{{cite web|title=Montclair State University Campus Map|url=http://www.montclair.edu/campus-map/?FontSize=10&w=950&h=494&x=2369.33333333&y=335&Zoom=0&Building=CLR|publisher=Montclair State University|date=August 18, 2010|accessdate=August 18, 2010}}</ref> Other buildings named for Sinatra include the [[Frank Sinatra School of the Arts]] in [[Astoria, Queens]], the Frank Sinatra International Student Center at Israel's [[Hebrew University]] in Jerusalem dedicated in 1978,<ref name="JFed">{{cite web|title=Frank Sinatra's contribution to the Hebrew University|url=http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=82523|publisher=The Jewish Federations of North America|accessdate=March 4, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305042050/http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=82523|archivedate=March 5, 2014}}</ref> and the Frank Sinatra Hall at the [[USC School of Cinematic Arts]] in Los Angeles, California, dedicated in 2002.<ref name="USC">{{cite web|title=Frank Sinatra Hall – USC Cinematic Arts |url=http://cinema.usc.edu/facilities/sinatrahall.cfm |publisher=USC Cinematic Arts |accessdate=March 4, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226032837/http://cinema.usc.edu/facilities/sinatrahall.cfm |archivedate=February 26, 2014}}</ref> [[Wynn Resorts]]' [[Encore Las Vegas]] resort features a restaurant dedicated to Sinatra which opened in 2008.<ref name="Opening of Sinatra">{{cite web|title=Opening of Sinatra|publisher=Wynn Resorts|accessdate=December 1, 2009|url=http://www.wynnpressroom.com/index.php?s=23&cat=27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718124553/http://www.wynnpressroom.com/index.php?s=23&cat=27|archivedate=July 18, 2011}}</ref> Items of memorabilia from Sinatra's life and career are displayed at USC's Frank Sinatra Hall and Wynn Resort's Sinatra restaurant.<ref name="USC" /><ref name="Opening of Sinatra" /> Near the Las Vegas Strip is a road named Frank Sinatra Drive in his honor.{{sfn|Sehlinger|Ridge|Castleman|2011|p=57}} The [[United States Postal Service]] issued a 42-cent postage stamp in honor of Sinatra in May 2008, commemorating the tenth anniversary of his death.<ref name=stamp>{{cite press release|title=Postal Service to immortalize 'Ol' Blue Eyes' |url=http://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2007/sr07_082.htm |publisher=United States Postal Service |date=December 5, 2007 |accessdate=January 29, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206211527/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/12/05/idUS202395%2B05-Dec-2007%2BPRN20071205 |archivedate=December 6, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=sinatraasidol>{{cite news|title=Sinatra as Idol – Not Artist|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121063311685686579|date=May 13, 2008|accessdate=May 15, 2008|last=Fusilli|first=Jim|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> The [[United States Congress]] passed a resolution introduced by [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[Mary Bono Mack]] on May 20, 2008, designating May 13 as Frank Sinatra Day to honor his contributions to American culture.<ref name=march13>{{cite news|title=Frank Sinatra Day|url=http://bono.house.gov/News/DocumentSingle.aspx?DocumentID=91885|date=May 20, 2008|last=Bono Mack|first=Mary|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423011715/http://bono.house.gov/News/DocumentSingle.aspx?DocumentID=91885|archivedate=April 23, 2012|accessdate=May 2, 2010|publisher=bono.house.gov}}</ref>
Sinatra received three honorary degrees during his lifetime. In May 1976, he was invited to speak at the [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas]] ([[UNLV]]) graduation commencement held at Sam Boyd Stadium. It was at this commencement that he was bestowed an Honorary Doctorate litterarum humanarum by the university.{{sfn|Moehring|2007|p=265}} During his speech, Sinatra stated that his education had come from "the school of hard knocks" and was suitably touched by the award. He went on to describe that "this is the first educational degree I have ever held in my hand. I will never forget what you have done for me today".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Back Story: And the Honor Goes To|url=http://www.unlv.edu/news/article/back-story-and-honor-goes|website=UNLV News Center|accessdate=May 8, 2015}}</ref> A few years later in 1984 and 1985, Sinatra also received an Honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts from [[Loyola Marymount University]] as well as an Honorary Doctorate of Engineering from the [[Stevens Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sinatra, others receive honorary college degrees|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hKgfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZNYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4850%2C4096358|accessdate=May 8, 2015|agency=Associated Press|work=Gadsden Times|date=May 26, 1984}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Our Towns; Frank Sinatra, Doctor of Engineering|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/23/nyregion/our-towns-frank-sinatra-doctor-of-engineering.html|accessdate=May 8, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=May 23, 1985}}</ref>
== Film and television portrayals ==
Sinatra has been portrayed on numerous occasions in film and on television. A television miniseries based on Sinatra's life, titled ''[[Sinatra (miniseries)|Sinatra]]'', was aired by CBS in 1992. The series was directed by [[James Steven Sadwith]], who won an Emmy Award for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special|Outstanding Individual Achievement in Directing for a Miniseries or a Special]], and starred [[Philip Casnoff]] as Sinatra. ''Sinatra'' was written by [[Abby Mann]] and Philip Mastrosimone, and produced by Sinatra's daughter, Tina.{{sfn|Roberts|2009|p=495}}
Sinatra has subsequently been portrayed on screen by [[Ray Liotta]] (''[[The Rat Pack (film)|The Rat Pack]]'', 1998),<ref>{{cite book|title=Jet – Sammy Davis Jr., Frank Sinatra And Dean Martin's Legendary Friendship Revealed In TV Movie 'The Rat Pack'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RsQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60|date=August 24, 1998|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|page=60|issn=0021-5996}}</ref> [[James Russo]] (''[[Stealing Sinatra]]'', 2003),{{Sfn|Lip|Prigge|2006|p=210}} [[Dennis Hopper]] (''[[The Night We Called It a Day (film)|The Night We Called It a Day]]'', 2003),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/the-night-we-called-it-a-day-1200539980/ | title=Review: 'The Night We Called it a Day' | work=Variety | date=August 13, 2003 | accessdate=October 29, 2015 | last=Stratton | first=David}}</ref> and [[Robert Knepper]] (''[[My Way (2012 film)|My Way]]'', 2012),<ref>{{cite web|author=Van Hoeij, Boyd|url=https://variety.com/2012/film/markets-festivals/my-way-2-1117947315/|title=Review: 'My Way'|work=Variety|date=March 29, 2012|accessdate=October 24, 2015}}</ref> and spoofed by [[Joe Piscopo]] and [[Phil Hartman]] on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''.{{sfn|Fuchs|Prigozy|2007|p=138}} A biographical film directed by [[Martin Scorsese]] has long been planned.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Fleming, Michael|url=http://deadline.com/2012/08/billy-ray-takes-on-sinatra-for-universal-and-martin-scorsese-318099/|title=Billy Ray Takes On 'Sinatra' For Universal And Martin Scorsese|magazine=Deadline.com|date=August 13, 2012|accessdate = October 21, 2014}}</ref> A 1998 episode of the BBC documentary series ''[[Arena (UK TV series)|Arena]]'', ''The Voice of the Century'', focused on Sinatra.<ref name=BBCArena>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rs3w6|title=BBC Four – Arena: Frank Sinatra: The Voice of the Century|publisher=BBC|accessdate=March 9, 2014}}</ref> [[Alex Gibney]] directed a four-part biographical series on Sinatra, ''All or Nothing At All'', for HBO in 2015.<ref name=NYTApr15>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/02/arts/television/review-sinatra-alex-gibneys-new-hbo-documentary-explores-a-legend.html|title=Review: 'Sinatra,' Alex Gibney's New HBO Documentary, Explores a Legend|author=Genzlinger, Neil|work=The New York Times|date=April 1, 2015|accessdate=September 28, 2015}}</ref> A musical tribute was aired on [[CBS]] television in December 2015 to mark Sinatra's centenary.<ref name=LATDec4>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-frank-sinatra-100-concert-all-star-cbs-20151204-story.html|title=Stars align for Frank Sinatra 100th anniversary special Sunday on CBS|author=Lewis, Randy|work=Los Angeles Times|date=December 4, 2015|accessdate=December 6, 2015}}</ref>
Sinatra was convinced that Johnny Fontane, a mob-associated singer in [[Mario Puzo]]'s novel ''[[The Godfather (novel)|The Godfather]]'' (1969), was based on his life. Puzo wrote in 1972 that when the author and singer met in [[Chasen's]], Sinatra "started to shout abuse", calling Puzo a "pimp" and threatening physical violence. [[Francis Ford Coppola]], director of the [[The Godfather|film adaptation]], said in the [[audio commentary]] that "Obviously Johnny Fontane was inspired by a kind of Frank Sinatra character".<ref name="parker20151211">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sinatra-at-100-was-a-844595 |title=The Time Frank Sinatra Berated Mario Puzo For His Assumed Likeness in 'The Godfather' |last=Parker |first=Ryan |date=2015-12-11 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref>
==Discography==
{{For|an extended list of albums, compilations, and charting singles|Frank Sinatra discography}}
;Studio albums
{{div col|colwidth=40em}}
* ''[[The Voice of Frank Sinatra]]'' (1946)
* ''[[Songs by Sinatra]]'' (1947)
* ''[[Christmas Songs by Sinatra]]'' (1948)
* ''[[Frankly Sentimental]]'' (1949)
* ''[[Dedicated to You (Frank Sinatra album)|Dedicated to You]]'' (1950)
* ''[[Swing and Dance with Frank Sinatra|Sing and Dance with Frank Sinatra]]'' (1950)
* ''[[Songs for Young Lovers]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Swing Easy!]]'' (1954)
* ''[[In the Wee Small Hours]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Songs for Swingin' Lovers!]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Close to You (Frank Sinatra album)|Close to You]]'' (1957)
* ''[[A Swingin' Affair!]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Where Are You? (Frank Sinatra album)|Where Are You?]]'' (1957)
* ''[[A Jolly Christmas from Frank Sinatra]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Come Fly with Me (Frank Sinatra album)|Come Fly with Me]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Frank Sinatra Sings for Only the Lonely]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Come Dance with Me! (album)|Come Dance with Me!]]'' (1959)
* ''[[No One Cares]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Nice 'n' Easy]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Sinatra's Swingin' Session!!!]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Ring-a-Ding-Ding!]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Come Swing with Me!]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Sinatra Swings|Swing Along With Me]]'' (1961)
* ''[[I Remember Tommy]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Sinatra and Strings]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Point of No Return (Frank Sinatra album)|Point of No Return]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Sinatra and Swingin' Brass]]'' (1962)
* ''[[All Alone (Frank Sinatra album)|All Alone]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Sinatra Sings Great Songs from Great Britain]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Sinatra–Basie: An Historic Musical First]]'' {{small|(with [[Count Basie]])}} (1962)
* ''[[The Concert Sinatra]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Sinatra's Sinatra]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Sinatra Sings Days of Wine and Roses, Moon River, and Other Academy Award Winners]]'' (1964)
* ''[[America, I Hear You Singing]]'' {{small|(with [[Bing Crosby]] and [[Fred Waring]])}} (1964)
* ''[[It Might as Well Be Swing]]'' {{small|(with [[Count Basie]])}} (1964)
* ''[[12 Songs of Christmas (Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby and Fred Waring album)|12 Songs of Christmas]]'' {{small|(with [[Bing Crosby]] and [[Fred Waring]])}} (1964)
* ''[[Softly, as I Leave You (album)|Softly, as I Leave You]]'' (1964)
* ''[[September of My Years]]'' (1965)
* ''[[My Kind of Broadway]]'' (1965)
* ''[[A Man and His Music]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Moonlight Sinatra]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Strangers in the Night (Frank Sinatra album)|Strangers in the Night]]'' (1966)
* ''[[That's Life (Frank Sinatra album)|That's Life]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim]]'' {{small|(with [[Antonio Carlos Jobim]])}} (1967)
* ''[[The World We Knew]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Francis A. & Edward K.]]'' {{small|(with [[Duke Ellington]])}} (1968)
* ''[[The Sinatra Family Wish You a Merry Christmas]]'' {{small|(with [[Frank Sinatra, Jr.]], [[Nancy Sinatra]] and [[Tina Sinatra]])}} (1968)
* ''[[Cycles (Frank Sinatra album)|Cycles]]'' (1968)
* ''[[My Way (Frank Sinatra album)|My Way]]'' (1969)
* ''[[A Man Alone (album)|A Man Alone]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Watertown (album)|Watertown]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Sinatra & Company]]'' {{small|(with [[Antonio Carlos Jobim]])}} (1971)
* ''[[Ol' Blue Eyes Is Back]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Some Nice Things I've Missed]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Trilogy: Past Present Future]]'' (1980)
* ''[[She Shot Me Down]]'' (1981)
* ''[[L.A. Is My Lady]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Duets (Frank Sinatra album)|Duets]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Duets II (Frank Sinatra album)|Duets II]]'' (1994)
{{div col end}}
== See also ==
* [[Frank Sinatra bibliography]]
* [[Frank Sinatra's recorded legacy]]
* [[The Frank Sinatra Show (radio program)]]
== Notes ==
{{Notelist|30em}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|22em}}
== Sources ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Ackelson|first=Richard W.|title=Frank Sinatra: a complete recording history of techniques, songs, composers, lyricists, arrangers, sessions, and first-issue albums, 1939–1984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MyQKAQAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-89950-554-1|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ainlay|first1=Thomas|last2=Gabaldon|first2=Judy Dixon|title=Las Vegas: The Fabulous First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeIbm3iEXhQC&pg=PA108|year=2003|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-2416-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Anastasia|first1=George|last2=Macnow|first2=Glen|last3=Pistone|first3=Joe|title=The Ultimate Book of Gangster Movies: Featuring the 100 Greatest Gangster Films of All Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0WwTQewI4cC&pg=PA301|year=2011|publisher=Running Press|isbn=978-0-7624-4154-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Andrews|first1=Maxene|last2=Gilbert|first2=Bill|title=Over Here, Over There: The Andrews Sisters and the USO Stars in World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPoMAQAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Thorndike Press|isbn=978-0-7862-0094-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Anka|first1=Paul|last2=Dalton|first2=David|title=My Way: An Autobiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nK3YhlaflSQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=carl%20cohen|publisher=Macmillan|year=2013|isbn=978-1-250-03520-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Avant-Mier|first=Roberto|title=Rock the Nation: Latin/o Identities and the Latin Rock Diaspora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-ioAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15|date=May 6, 2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4411-6797-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bogdanov |first1=Vladimir |last2=Woodstra |first2=Chris |last3=Erlewine |first3=Stephen Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yXVEjS-j8IC&pg=PT1170#v=onepage&q=frank%20sinatra's%20greatest%20hits%20vol%202 | title=All Music Guide to Jazz: The Definitive Guide to Jazz Music | publisher=Backbeat Books | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-87930-717-2 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv |last=Booker |first=Janice T. |editor-last=Pugliese |editor-first=Stanislao G. |chapter=Why the Bobby Soxers? |title=Frank Sinatra: History, Identity, and Italian American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/franksinatra00stan |year=2004 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4039-6655-1 }}
* {{cite book|last=Bret|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syQeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63#v=onepage&q=young%20at%20heart%20day%20sinatra|year=2014|publisher=Aurum Press Limited|title=Doris Day: A Reluctant Star|isbn=978-1-78131-351-0|ref=harv}} <!--The only edition available at Google Books is the e-book which has no page numbers.-->
* {{cite book|last1=Brooks|first1=Patricia|last2=Brooks|first2=Jonathan|title=Laid to Rest in California: A Guide to the Cemeteries and Grave Sites of the Rich and Famous|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dN5pWzZUvoMC|year=2006|publisher=Insiders' Guide/Globe Pequot Press|isbn=978-0-7627-4101-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Michael|title=Popular Music in America: And The Beat Goes On|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nIZSM3zxNUEC&pg=PA220|date=September 26, 2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=0-495-50530-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Clarke|first=Norm|title=Vegas Confidential: Norm Clarke! Sin City's Ace Insider 1,000 Naked Truths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRlF5CLdrcYC&pg=PA189|date=January 8, 2004|publisher=Stephens Press, LLC|isbn=978-1-932173-26-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=David John|last2=Browning|first2=Eve|last3=Schroeder|first3=Fred E. H.|title=Encyclopedia of Modern Everyday Inventions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVQfBSlAZvAC&pg=PA28|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31345-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Consiglio|first1=Tony|last2=Douskey|first2=Franz|title=Sinatra and Me: The Very Good Years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-_eM3mqJUMC&pg=PT135|date=October 20, 2011|publisher=Tantor eBooks|isbn=978-1-61803-025-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Denver|first=John|title=John Denver – The Complete Lyrics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0VMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT28|date=March 1, 2002|publisher=Cherry Lane Music|isbn=978-1-4768-6411-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Donnelley|first=Paul|title=Fade to Black: A Book of Movie Obituaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAhtNiAl3YsC&pg=PA642|year=2003|publisher=Omnibus|isbn=978-0-7119-9512-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Dunning|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi5wPDBiGfMC&pg=PA739|title=On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-19-984045-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Early|first=Gerald Lyn|title=One Nation Under a Groove: Motown and American Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvQUUlU1FDgC&pg=PA16|year=2004|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-08956-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Epstein|first=Dwayne|title=Lee Marvin: Point Blank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UwFFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98|date=January 1, 2013|publisher=Schaffner Press, Inc.|isbn=978-1-936182-40-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Evanier|first=David|title=All the Things You Are: The Life of Tony Bennett|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1b9QC4Vh8s0C&pg=PA99|date=June 30, 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-03354-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Farris|first=Scott|title=Kennedy and Reagan: Why Their Legacies Endure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q3VBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA196|date=November 5, 2013|publisher=Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-4930-0188-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Fleischer|first=Leonore|title=John Denver|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cKYHozR4kacC|year=1976|publisher=Flash|isbn=978-0-8256-3909-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Friedwald|first=Will|title=Sinatra! the Song is You: A Singer's Art|url=https://archive.org/details/sinatrasongisyou00frie_1/page/483|year=1995|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-19368-7|ref=harv|page=[https://archive.org/details/sinatrasongisyou00frie_1/page/483 483]}}
* {{cite book|last1=Fuchs|first1=Jeanne|last2=Prigozy|first2=Ruth|title=Frank Sinatra: The Man, the Music, the Legend|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nF_Ln3WxuBYC|year=2007|publisher=University Rochester Press|isbn=978-1-58046-251-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBUPO0XS8kMC | title=Stormy Weather: The Life of Lena Horne | publisher=Simon and Schuster | isbn=978-1-4391-6425-9 | last=Gavin | first=James | date=June 23, 2009 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Geraghty|first=Lincoln|title=Directory of World Cinema: American Hollywood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFzQSQ2ed0QC&pg=PA18|year=2011|publisher=Intellect Books|isbn=978-1-84150-415-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Gigliotti|first=Gilbert L.|title=A Storied Singer: Frank Sinatra as Literary Conceit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdkHAQAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-30973-1|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Gillett|first=Charlie|title=Rock almanac: top twenty American and British singles and albums of the '50s, '60s, and '70s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTQ5AQAAIAAJ|date=January 1978|publisher=Anchor Press|isbn=978-0-385-11204-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Goldstein|first=Norm|title=Frank Sinatra, ol' blue eyes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_45AQAAIAAJ|date=November 1, 1982|publisher=Holt, Rinehart, and Winston|isbn=978-0-03-061921-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Granata|first=Charles L.|title=Sessions with Sinatra: Frank Sinatra and the Art of Recording|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXZvTzc-9PwC&pg=PA133|date=2003|publisher=Chicago Review Press|isbn=978-1-61374-281-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Green |first=Stanley |title=Hollywood Musicals Year by Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XD2xNKSN3E8C&pg=PA141|year=1999|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|isbn=978-0-634-00765-1|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Hanna|first=David|title=Sinatra: Ol' Blue Eyes Remember|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEY819mKvfAC|date=January 1, 1998|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|isbn=978-0-517-20317-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Hazard|first=Sharon|title=Long Branch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJyc4USBUBYC&pg=PA99|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-4967-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Hernandez|first=David|year=2010|publisher=Red Lead Press|
title=Broken Face in the Mirror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJ-0nNPAisgC&pg=PA288#v=onepage&q=sinatra%20sands%20contract|isbn= 978-1-4349-4723-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Heymann|first=C. David|title=Joe and Marilyn: Legends in Love|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecHYuyrNNGMC&pg=PA287|date=July 1, 2014|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-9179-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Hickey|first=Neil|title=Adventures in the Scribblers Trade: The Most Fun You Can Have|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etOcBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT76|date=February 26, 2015|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4917-5064-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Hodge|first=Jessica|title=Frank Sinatra|url=https://archive.org/details/franksinatra00hodg|date=February 24, 1992|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|isbn=978-0-517-06709-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Hopkins|first=Jerry|title=Elvis: The Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPCPQgAACAAJ|date=January 11, 2011|publisher=Plexus|isbn=978-0-85965-454-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Howlett|first=John|title=Frank Sinatra|url=https://archive.org/details/franksinatra00howl|year=1980|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-671-79094-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Ingham|first=Chris|title=Frank Sinatra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Fo5AQAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-414-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QI3BAAAQBAJ | title=1965: The Most Revolutionary Year in Music | publisher=Macmillan | first=Andrew Grant | last= Jackson | date=February 3, 2015 | isbn=978-1-4668-6497-9 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Jones|first=Delilah|title=Viva Las Vegas: Nightclub Greats|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QkOPuthl0TsC|year=1995|publisher=Friedman/Fairfax Publishers|isbn=978-1-56799-233-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=guPQPm02vuUC&pg=PT89 |title=Frank: The making of a legend|first=James|last=Kaplan|year=2010|publisher=Hachette UK|isbn=0-7481-2250-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Kaplan|first=James|title=Frank: The Voice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u-xXPue8O0C|year=2011|publisher=Anchor|isbn=978-0-7679-2423-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Kelley|first=Kitty|title=His Way: The Unauthorized Biography of Frank Sinatra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EnbzfyWuuL0C|year=1986|publisher=Bantam Books Trade Paperbacks|isbn=978-0-553-38618-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Matthew|title=Edmund Goulding's Dark Victory: Hollywood's Genius Bad Boy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-mivZXqD3gC&pg=PA236|year=2004|publisher=Terrace Books|isbn=978-0-299-19770-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kidder |first1=David S. |last2=Oppenheim |first2=Noah D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KOHEPbBBbIC | title=The Intellectual Devotional Modern Culture: Revive Your Mind, Complete Your Education, and Converse Confidently with the Culturati | publisher=Rodale | isbn=978-1-60529-793-4 |date=October 14, 2008 | ref=harv}}
* {{Cite AV media notes|last=Kline |first=Pete |title=The Capitol Years |title-link=The Capitol Years (1990 Frank Sinatra album) |year=1990 |chapter=The Capitol Years |type=booklet |publisher=Capitol Records |id=CDP 7 94317 2 |location=New York |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Timothy|title=Sinatra: Hollywood His Way|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kuw-pBEaJgkC&pg=PA79|date=October 12, 2010|publisher=Running Press Book Publishers|isbn=978-0-7624-4174-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kuntz|first1=Tom|last2=Kuntz|first2=Phil|title=The Sinatra Files: The Secret FBI Dossier|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780812932768|year=2000|publisher=Three Rivers Press|isbn=978-0-8129-3276-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Kutner|first=Jon|title=1000 UK Number One Hits|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwwLBaH9488C&pg=PT296|date=May 26, 2010|publisher=Omnibus Press|isbn=978-0-85712-360-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Lahr|first=John|title=Show and Tell: New Yorker Profiles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eU5dQKfpcpEC&pg=PA55|year=2000|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23377-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Lamb|first=David|title=The Africans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEVnODW09HMC|date=August 24, 2011|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-79792-6|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Larkin |first=Colin|title=The Virgin Encyclopedia of Fifties Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGkZAQAAIAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Virgin Books|isbn=978-1-85227-937-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Lees|first=Gene|title=Singers and the Song II|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-511556-7 |via=[[Project MUSE]]|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Levinson|first=Peter J.|title=September in the Rain: The Life of Nelson Riddle|url=https://archive.org/details/septemberinrainl00levi|year=2001|publisher=Billboard Books|isbn=978-0-8230-7672-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Levinson|first=Peter J.|title=Tommy Dorsey: Livin' in a Great Big Way, a Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=644DvSdKKrAC&pg=PA161|date=2009|publisher=Da Capo Press, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-7867-3494-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Land|first1=Barbara|last2=Land|first2=Myrick|title=A Short History of Las Vegas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6O2fMmPfCcC&pg=PA148|year=2004|publisher=University of Nevada Press|isbn=978-0-87417-564-6|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lehmann|first1=Bob|last2=Blanck|first2=Bob|title=San Gorgonio Search and Rescue Team|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aavq5g4K-PAC&pg=PA100|date=April 30, 2008|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-5576-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lip|first1=Tony|last2=Prigge|first2=Steven|title=Shut Up and Eat!: Mangia with Family Recipes and Stories from Your Favorite Italian-American Stars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGavsshM0F0C|date=October 3, 2006|publisher=Penguin Group USA|isbn=978-0-425-21177-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lonstein|first1=Albert I.|last2=Marino|first2=Vito R.|title=The Compleat Sinatra: Disgography [sic] Filmography, Television Appearances, Motion Picture Appearances, Radio Appearances, Concert Appearances, Stage Appearances|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svRCAAAAIAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Cameron Publications|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Marill|first=Alvin H.|title=The complete films of Edward G. Robinson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8H8dAQAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Carol Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8065-1181-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=McGuiggan|first=Amy Whorf|title=Take Me Out to the Ball Game: The Story of the Sensational Baseball Song|url=https://archive.org/details/takemeouttoballg00amyw/page/86|year=2009|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-1891-5|ref=harv|page=[https://archive.org/details/takemeouttoballg00amyw/page/86 86]}}
* {{cite book|last=McNally|first=Karen|title=When Frankie Went to Hollywood: Frank Sinatra and American Male Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=erZCCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|date=June 12, 2015|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-09820-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Mirtle|first=Jack|title=The Music of Billy May: A Discography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQarAAAAIAAJ|date=January 1, 1998|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-30739-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Moehring|first1=Eugene P.|title=The University of Nevada, Las Vegas: A History|date=2007|publisher=University of Nevada Press|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Morrell|first=David|title=Frank Sinatra: The Artist and His Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3KUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT40|date=January 24, 2013|publisher=David Morrell|isbn=978-1-937760-24-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Moser|first=Margaret|title=Movie Stars Do the Dumbest Things|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_66gMFl2IjAC&pg=RA2-PA1959|date=April 1, 2011|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1-4299-7837-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Nachman|first=Gerald|author-link=Gerald Nachman (journalist)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hpywoSI2au4C&pg=PA170|title=Raised on Radio|publisher=University of California Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-520-22303-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Newton|first=Michael|title=The FBI Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R73eCQAAQBAJ&pg=PR7|date=October 31, 2003|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-6620-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Nimmo|first=Harry|title=The Andrews Sisters: A Biography and Career Record|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJxeFWmNc_EC&pg=PA228|year=2004|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-1731-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=O'Brien|first=Daniel|title=The Frank Sinatra Film Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zm4dAQAAIAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Batsford|isbn=978-0-7134-8418-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=O'Brien|first=Daniel|title=The Frank Sinatra Film Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9k2_CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT221|date=October 30, 2014|publisher=Pavilion Books|isbn=978-1-84994-250-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Osborne|first=Dr Richard|title=Vinyl: A History of the Analogue Record|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-B2rBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98|date=July 28, 2014|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4724-3433-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Peters|first1=Richard|last2=O'Brien|first2=Ed|last3=Sayers|first3=Scott P.|title=The Frank Sinatra Scrapbook: His Life and Times in Words and Pictures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5dVPwAACAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Pop Universal|isbn=978-0-285-62539-6|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Petkov|first1=Steven|last2=Mustazza|first2=Leonard|title=The Frank Sinatra Reader|url=https://archive.org/details/franksinatraread00petk|year=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509531-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Quirk|first1=Lawrence J.|last2=Schoell|first2=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5bY3F5Vm28C|title=The Rat Pack: Neon Nights with the Kings of Cool|year=1999|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=978-0-380-73222-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Rees|first1=Dafydd|last2=Crampton|first2=Luke|title=Rock Stars Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/rockstarsencyclo00rees|year=1999|publisher=DK Pub.|isbn=978-0-7894-4613-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Ridgeway|first=John|title=The Sinatra File|publisher=John Ridgeway Books|year=1977|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last= Roberts|first=Jerry|title=Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kW8j6sHvrewC&pg=PA495|date=June 5, 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6378-1|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Roby|first=Steven|title=Becoming Jimi Hendrix: From Southern Crossroads to Psychedelic London, the Untold Story of a Musical Genius|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Einlgh-UqkC&pg=PA111|date=August 31, 2010|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=0-306-81945-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Rojek|first=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F4DEdXSMYikC&pg=PA40|year=2004|publisher=Polity|title=Frank Sinatra|isbn=978-0-7456-3090-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Roman|first=James|title=Chronicles of Old Las Vegas: Exposing Sin City's High-Stakes History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wwpMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA235|date=October 1, 2011|publisher=Museyon|isbn=978-1-938450-02-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Rotella|first=Mark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoYnI2TZg1kC&pg=PT81#v=onepage&q=sinatra%20frankie%20satin|title=Amore: The Story of Italian American Song|publisher=Macmillan|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4299-7847-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Sackett|first=Susan|title=Hollywood Sings!: An Inside Look at Sixty Years of Academy Award-nominated Songs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fhg5AQAAIAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Billboard Books|isbn=978-0-8230-7623-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Sann|first=Paul|title=Fads, Follies, and Delusions of the American People /by Paul Sann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6g5CAAAAIAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Crown Publishers|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Santopietro|first=Tom|title=Sinatra in Hollywood|url=https://archive.org/details/sinatrainhollywo00sant_0|date=November 11, 2008|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-36226-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sehlinger|first1=Bob|last2=Ridge|first2=Menasha|last3=Castleman|first3=Deke|title=The Unofficial Guide to Las Vegas 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vCE2_1dY4cC&pg=PA57|date=August 8, 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-14345-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Sforza|first=John|title=Swing It!: The Andrews Sisters Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HqkeBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80|date=February 5, 2015|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-4897-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Shaw|first=Arnold|title=Sinatra: retreat of the romantic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvU5AQAAIAAJ|date=June 1968|publisher=W. H. Allen|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Shaw|first=Arnold|title=Sinatra, the entertainer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtS52rW0g-cC|year=1982|publisher=Delilah|isbn=978-0-933328-43-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Sheridan|first=John Harris|title=Howard Hughes: The Las Vegas Years: The Women, the Mormons, the Mafia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YHMr6LRpocC&pg=PA52|date=September 6, 2011|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4634-0693-6|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | last=Sifakis | first=Carl | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgCpxTpPCPcC | title=The Mafia Encyclopedia | publisher=Infobase Publishing | isbn=978-0-8160-6989-7 | date=January 1, 2005 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Silva|first=Luiz Carlos do Nascimento|title=Put Your Dreams Away: A Frank Sinatra Discography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqth52rImHQC&pg=PA12|date=January 1, 2000|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31055-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Sinatra|first=Barbara|title=Lady Blue Eyes: My Life with Frank Sinatra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbTidwc4JnAC&pg=PT274|year=2011|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4464-7288-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Sinatra|first=Nancy|title=Frank Sinatra: An American Legend|url=https://archive.org/details/franksinatraamer00sina|publisher=General Publishing Group|year=1995|isbn=978-1-881649-68-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Sinatra|first=Nancy|title=Frank Sinatra, My Father|url=https://archive.org/details/franksinatra00nanc/page/24|year=1986|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-671-62508-5|ref=harv|page=[https://archive.org/details/franksinatra00nanc/page/24 24]}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sinatra|first1=Tina|last2=Coplon|first2=Jeff|title=My Father's Daughter: A Memoir|year=2000|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=0-684-87076-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Sirvaitis|first=Karen|title=The European American Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hpwpBNP0fQcC&pg=PA23|date=August 1, 2010|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-0-7613-4088-1|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Small|first=Pauline|title=Sophia Loren: Moulding the Star|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QhnLOpcLfcC&pg=PA59|year=2009|publisher=Intellect Books|isbn=978-1-84150-234-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Chris|title=One Hundred and One Albums that Changed Popular Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4mP7u6mPdkC&pg=PR18|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-537371-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Martin|title=Frank Sinatra: When Ol' Blue Eyes was a Red|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnrRAAAACAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Redwords|isbn=978-1-905192-02-1|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Sonneborn|first=Liz|title=A to Z of American Women in the Performing Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yf2741A_BkYC&pg=PA79|date=January 1, 2002|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0790-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Summers|first1=Anthony|last2=Swan|first2=Robbyn|title=Sinatra: The Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5SddF7R6x4C|year=2010|publisher=Transworld|isbn=978-1-4070-6890-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Terrace|first=Vincent|title=Radio Programs, 1924–1984: A Catalog of More Than 1800 Shows|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nIiACgAAQBAJ&pg=PA287|date=November 1, 1998|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-4513-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Terrace|first=Vincent|title=Television Specials: 5,336 Entertainment Programs, 1936–2012, 2d ed.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Of0QAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157|date=June 19, 2013|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-1240-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Evan|title=Robert Kennedy: His Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofXSLln9a3QC&pg=PA169|date=February 5, 2013|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4767-3456-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Travis|first=Dempsey J.|title=The FBI Files: On the Tainted and the Damned|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGMsAQAAMAAJ|date=December 1, 2001|publisher=Urban Research Pr|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Turner|first=John Frayn|title=Frank Sinatra|url=https://archive.org/details/franksinatra00john/page/93|date=January 1, 2004|publisher=Taylor Trade Publications|isbn=978-1-58979-145-9|ref=harv|page=[https://archive.org/details/franksinatra00john/page/93 93]}}
* {{cite book|last=Tyler|first=Don|title=Hit Songs, 1900–1955: American Popular Music of the Pre-rock Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yycKAQAAMAAJ|date=January 1, 2007|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-2946-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Waldman|first1=Carl|last2=Donovan|first2=Jim|title=Forever Sinatra: A Celebration in Words & Images|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAJZm7LDUSUC|date=February 1, 1999|publisher=Legends Press|isbn=978-0-9668136-0-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Wayne|first=Jane Ellen|title=Ava Gardner: Her Life and Loves|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UF2-vLvja1IC&pg=PP15|year=2004|publisher=Robson|isbn=978-1-86105-785-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Wayne|first=Jane|title=The Leading Men of MGM|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqfsLfqfLmYC&pg=PA360|date=April 16, 2006|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=978-0-7867-1768-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Weatherford|first=Mike|title=Cult Vegas: The Weirdest! the Wildest! the Swingin'est Town on Earth!|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3a3l0zST68C&pg=PA14|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Huntington Press Inc|isbn=978-0-929712-71-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitburn |first=Joel |date=1986 |title=Pop Memories 1890–1954 |location=Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin |publisher=Record Research, Inc. |isbn=0-89820-083-0 |ref=harv |url=https://archive.org/details/joelwpopmemories00whit }}
* {{cite book|last=Whitburn|first=Joel|title=Joel Whitburn's top pop albums, 1955–2001|url=https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whitbu|year=2001|publisher=Record Research|isbn=978-0-89820-147-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Colin|last2=Wilson|first2=Damon|title=Scandal!: An Explosive Exposé of the Affairs, Corruption and Power Struggles of the Rich and Famous|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GM2_O5dJ6GUC&pg=PT129|date=May 31, 2011|publisher=Ebury Publishing|isbn=978-0-7535-4732-8|ref=harv}} <!-- Note the only edition available for full view at Google is an e-book with no page numbers. -->
* {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Ean|title=Born to Swing|url=https://archive.org/details/borntoswing00wood|date=September 1, 1996|publisher=Sanctuary|isbn=978-1-86074-154-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | first1=William H. | last1=Young | first2=Nancy K.|last2=Young | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VBljswTLaIEC | title=The Great Depression in America: A Cultural Encyclopedia, Volume 2 | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-313-33522-8 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=William H.|last2=Young|first2=Nancy K.|title=World War II and the Postwar Years in America: A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSq77dgwR5oC&pg=PA635|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35652-0|ref=harv}}
{{Refend}}
== Further reading ==
* Freedland, Michael (1998). ''All the Way: A Biography of Frank Sinatra''. St. Martin's Press. {{ISBN|978-0-312-19108-5}}
* Kaplan, James (2015). ''Sinatra: The Chairman''. New York: Doubleday. {{ISBN|0385535392}}
* Pickard, Roy (1994). ''Frank Sinatra at the Movies''. Hale. {{ISBN|978-0-7090-5105-3}}
== External links ==
{{Commons and category}}
* {{official website}}
* [http://sinatrafamily.com/news/index.php Sinatra family website]
* {{Britannica|545620}}
* [http://www.crooner.fr/player/#crooner_sinatra Frank Sinatra webradio]
* {{allmovie name|111632}}
* {{Allmusic|id=frank-sinatra-mn0000792507|label=Frank Sinatra}}
* [http://njhalloffame.org/hall-of-famers/2008-inductees/frank-sinatra/ Frank Sinatra] at the [[New Jersey Hall of Fame]]
* {{IMDb name|0000069}}
* [https://vault.fbi.gov/Frank%20Sinatra Frank Sinatra] at FBI Records: The Vault
* [http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/60s/1965/Billboard%201965-11-20.pdf ''The Sinatra Report'', a special section of Billboard's November 20, 1965, issue – beginning immediately after page 34]
{{Frank Sinatra}}
{{Frank Sinatra singles}}
{{Navboxes
|title = [[List of awards and nominations received by Frank Sinatra|Awards for Frank Sinatra]]
|list =
{{AcademyAwardBestSupportingActor 1941–1960}}
{{Cecil B. DeMille Award 1952–1975}}
{{GoldenGlobeBestActorMotionPictureMusicalComedy 1950–1960}}
{{GoldenGlobeBestSuppActorMotionPicture 1943–1960}}
{{Grammy Award for Album of the Year 1960s}}
{{Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1960s}}
{{Grammy Legend Award}}
{{Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award}}
{{Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award}}
{{Kennedy Center Honorees 1980s}}
{{ScreenActorsGuildAward LifeAchievement 1960–1979}}
}}
{{Rat Pack}}
{{Nancy Sinatra}}
{{Subject bar |portal1=Biography |portal2=Jazz |portal3=Pop music |portal4=Film |portal5=Television |portal6=United States |collapsible=true|voy=no|species=no|n=no|s=no|v=no|wikt=no |d-search=Q40912}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinatra, Frank}}
[[Category:Frank Sinatra| ]]
[[Category:Rat Pack|Sinatra, Frank]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century American singers]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:American crooners]]
[[Category:American film producers]]
[[Category:American jazz singers]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male radio actors]]
[[Category:American male singers]]
[[Category:American male songwriters]]
[[Category:American male voice actors]]
[[Category:American people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Sicilian descent]]
[[Category:American philanthropists]]
[[Category:American pop singers]]
[[Category:Jazz-pop singers]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Analysands of Ralph Greenson]]
[[Category:Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe (film) winners]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (film) winners]]
[[Category:Burials at Desert Memorial Park]]
[[Category:California Democrats]]
[[Category:California Republicans]]
[[Category:Capitol Records artists]]
[[Category:Cecil B. DeMille Award Golden Globe winners]]
[[Category:Columbia Records artists]]
[[Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Grammy Legend Award winners]]
[[Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]
[[Category:Grand Officers of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]]
[[Category:Hoboken High School alumni]]
[[Category:Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award winners]]
[[Category:Kennedy Center honorees]]
[[Category:Male actors from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Male actors of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players]]
[[Category:Musicians from Hoboken, New Jersey]]
[[Category:New Jersey Democrats]]
[[Category:New Jersey Republicans]]
[[Category:Peabody Award winners]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Qwest Records artists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity]]
[[Category:Reprise Records artists]]
[[Category:Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award]]
[[Category:Singers from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Swing singers]]
[[Category:Traditional pop music singers]]
[[Category:Film directors from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Catholics from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Male jazz musicians]]
[[Category:The Pied Pipers members]]
[[Category:Las Vegas shows]]
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