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«Մասնակից:Lusine Danukh/Ավազարկղ»–ի խմբագրումների տարբերություն

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Պիտակներ՝ Վիզուալ խմբագիր Խմբագրում բջջային սարքով Խմբագրում կայքի բջջային տարբերակից
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Պիտակներ՝ Խմբագրում բջջային սարքով Խմբագրում կայքի բջջային տարբերակից
Տող 74.
Maintaining the household was the main duty of women of the samurai class. This was especially crucial during early feudal Japan, when warrior husbands were often traveling abroad or engaged in clan battles. The wife, or ''okugatasama'' (meaning: one who remains in the home), was left to manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly. For this reason, many women of the samurai class were trained in wielding a polearm called a [[naginata]] or a special knife called the ''[[Kaiken (dagger)|kaiken]]'' in an art called ''[[tantojutsu]]'' (lit. the skill of the knife), which they could use to protect their household, family, and honor if the need arose. There were women who actively engaged in battles alongside male samurai in Japan, although most of these female warriors ([[Onna-bugeisha]]) were not formal samurai.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7GHCwAAQBAJ|title=Samurai Women 1184–1877|last=Turnbull|first=Stephen|date=2012-01-20|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781780963334|language=en}}</ref>
 
Սամուրայ կանանց ամենաարժեքավոր հատկանիշներն էին համեստությունը, հնազանդությունը, ինքնատիրապետումը, ուժը և հավատարմությունը։ Տեսականորեն սամուրայ կինը հմուտ էր մի շարք գործերում` տնային տնտեսության, հաշիվներ պահելու, ֆինանսական միջոցները բաշխելու, երեխաներին կրթելու և տարեցներին հոգ տանելու։ Համարում էին, որ չափազանց շատ սերը փչացնում է երեխաների, հետևաբար կինը նաև պետք է լինել կարգապահ։
Traits valued in women of the samurai class were humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty. Ideally, a samurai wife would be skilled at managing property, keeping records, dealing with financial matters, educating the children (and perhaps servants as well), and caring for elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof. Confucian law, which helped define personal relationships and the code of ethics of the warrior class required that a woman show subservience to her husband, filial piety to her parents, and care to the children. Too much love and affection was also said to indulge and spoil the youngsters. Thus, a woman was also to exercise discipline.
 
Թեև ավելի ապահոված սամուրայ-ընտանիքների կանայա վայելում էին իրենց հասարակական բարձր դիրքը (օրինակ խուսափում էին դժվար աշխատանքից), նրանց համարում էին տղամարդկանցից շատ ավելի ցածր։ Կանայք դեռ իրավունք չունեին ներգրավված լինել որևէ քաղաքական գործունեության մեջ և սովորաբար իրենց ընտանիքի գլուխը չէին։
Though women of wealthier samurai families enjoyed perks of their elevated position in society, such as avoiding the physical labor that those of lower classes often engaged in, they were still viewed as far beneath men. Women were prohibited from engaging in any political affairs and were usually not the heads of their household.
 
[[File:Hangaku Gozen by Yoshitoshi.jpg|thumb|[[Hangaku Gozen]] by [[Yoshitoshi]], ca. 1885 |alt=|271x271px]]
 
ThisՍա չի նշանակում, որ սամուրայների դասում կանայք անուժ էին կամ չունեին իշխանություն։ Հզոր կանայք his does not mean that women in the samurai class were always powerless. Powerful women both wisely and unwisely wielded power at various occasions. After [[Ashikaga Yoshimasa]], 8th ''shōgun'' of the Muromachi shogunate, lost interest in politics, his wife [[Hino Tomiko]] largely ruled in his place. [[Nene (aristocrat)|Nene]], wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was known to overrule her husband's decisions at times and [[Yodo-dono]], his concubine, became the ''de facto'' master of Osaka castle and the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. [[Tachibana Ginchiyo]] was chosen to lead the Tachibana clan after her father's death. Chiyo, wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo, has long been considered the ideal samurai wife. According to legend, she made her kimono out of a quilted patchwork of bits of old cloth and saved pennies to buy her husband a magnificent horse, on which he rode to many victories. The fact that Chiyo (though she is better known as "Wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo") is held in such high esteem for her economic sense is illuminating in the light of the fact that she never produced an heir and the Yamauchi clan was succeeded by Kazutoyo's younger brother. The source of power for women may have been that samurai left their finances to their wives.
 
As the Tokugawa period progressed more value became placed on education, and the education of females beginning at a young age became important to families and society as a whole. Marriage criteria began to weigh intelligence and education as desirable attributes in a wife, right along with physical attractiveness. Though many of the texts written for women during the Tokugawa period only pertained to how a woman could become a successful wife and household manager, there were those that undertook the challenge of learning to read, and also tackled philosophical and literary classics. Nearly all women of the samurai class were literate by the end of the Tokugawa period.
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