«Մասնակից:Արմինե Մարկոսյան/Ավազարկղ»–ի խմբագրումների տարբերություն

Content deleted Content added
Տող 7.
[[Սիրիայի քաղաքացիական պատերազմ|Սիրիայի քաղաքացիական պատերազմի]] զարգացումները ձևափոխեցին Իսրայելի հյուսիսային սահմանին տիրող իրավիճակը՝ վատթարացնելով [[Սիրիայի Արաբական Հանրապետության դրոշ|Սիրիայի Արաբական Հանրապետության]], Հեզբոլլայի ու սիրիական ընդդիմության միջև հարաբերությունները և բարդացնելով Իսրայելի հետ հարաբերությունները՝ հանգեցնելով [[Իրանի Իսլամական Հանրապետության Ձայն|Իրանի]] հետ պատերազմի: Իսրայելի ու Համասի կողմից ղեկավարվող Գազայի միջև հակամարտությունը նույնպես վերագրվում է տարածաշրջանում Իրանա-իսրայելական հակամարտությանը: Մինչև 2017 թվականը Իսրայելը և արաբական մի շարք սուննի երկրներ՝ Սաուդյան Արաբիայի գլխավորությամբ, կիսապաշտոնական կոալիցիա կազմեցին Իրանին դիմակայելու համար. սա մի քայլ էր, որը շուտով նշանավորվեց Արաբա-իսրայելական հակամարտության մարումով:
 
== Նախապատմություն ==
===Religious aspects of the conflict===
 
===Հակամարտության կրոնական կողմեր===
Some groups opposed to the peace process invoke religious arguments for their uncompromising positions.<ref>{{cite web|last=Weinberger |first=Peter E. |title=Incorporating religion into israeli-palestinian peacemaking: recommendations for policymakers |publisher=Center for World Religions, Diplomacy, and Conflict Resolution, Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, George Mason University |date=May 2004 |url=http://crdc.gmu.edu/docs/recommendations.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627002349/http://crdc.gmu.edu/docs/recommendations.pdf |archivedate=27 June 2011 }}</ref> The contemporary history of the Arab–Israeli conflict is very much affected by the religious beliefs of the various sides and their views of the idea of the [[chosen people]] in their policies with regard to the "[[Promised Land]]" and the "Chosen City" of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>Avi Beker, The Chosen: The History of an Idea and the Anatomy of an Obsession, New York: Palgrave Mcmillan, 2008</ref>
 
Տող 16 ⟶ 18՝
[[Christian Zionism|Christian Zionists]] often support the State of Israel because of the ancestral right of the Jews to the Holy Land, as suggested, for instance, by [[Paul the Apostle|the apostle Paul]] in his letter to the [[:wikisource:Bible (World English)/Romans#Chapter 11|Romans, chapter 11]], in the [[Bible]]. Christian Zionism teaches that the return of Jews in Israel is a prerequisite for the [[Second Coming of Christ]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gracethrufaith.com/ikvot-hamashiach/seven-major-prophetic-signs-of-the-second-coming |title=Seven Major Prophetic Signs Of The Second Coming |publisher=Gracethrufaith.com |date=31 December 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://jcpa.org/article/sarah-schmidt-on-on-the-road-to-armageddon-how-evangelicals-became-israel%E2%80%99s-best-friend/ Review of ''On the Road to Armageddon: How Evangelicals Became Israel's Best Friend'']</ref>
 
===Ազգային շարժումներ ===
===National movements===
The roots of the modern Arab–Israeli conflict lie in the rise of [[Zionism]] and the reactionary [[Arab nationalism]] that arose in response to [[Zionism]] towards the end of the 19th century. Territory regarded by the [[Jewish people]] as their [[Homeland for the Jewish people|historical homeland]] is also regarded by the [[Pan-Arab]] movement as historically and presently belonging to the [[Palestinians|Palestinian Arabs]]. Before World War I, the Middle East, including Palestine (later [[Mandatory Palestine]]), had been under the control of the [[Ottoman Empire]] for nearly 400 years. During the closing years of their empire, the Ottomans began to espouse their Turkish ethnic identity, asserting the primacy of Turks within the empire, leading to discrimination against the Arabs.<ref>Fraser, T.G. ''The Middle East: 1914–1979''. St. Martin's Press, New York. (1980) Pg. 2</ref> The promise of liberation from the Ottomans led many Jews and Arabs to support the allied powers during World War I, leading to the emergence of widespread Arab nationalism. Both Arab nationalism and Zionism had their formulative beginning in Europe. The Zionist Congress was established in Basel in 1897, while the "Arab Club" was established in Paris in 1906.
 
Տող 23 ⟶ 25՝
During 1915–16, as World War I was underway, the British High Commissioner in Egypt, Sir Henry McMahon, secretly corresponded with [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Husayn ibn 'Ali]], the patriarch of the Hashemite family and Ottoman governor of Mecca and Medina. McMahon convinced Husayn to lead an Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire, which was aligned with Germany against Britain and France in the war. McMahon promised that if the Arabs supported Britain in the war, the British government would support the establishment of an independent Arab state under Hashemite rule in the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire, including Palestine. The Arab revolt, led by [[T. E. Lawrence]] ("Lawrence of Arabia") and Husayn's son Faysal, was successful in defeating the Ottomans, and Britain took control over much of this area.
 
===Աղանդավորական հակամարտություն մանդատավոր Պաղեստինում ===
===Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine===
====Մանդատի առաջին տարիներ և Ֆրանկո-սիրիական պատերազմ ====
{{main|Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine}}
 
====First mandate years and the Franco-Syrian war====
In 1917, Palestine was conquered by the British forces (including the [[Jewish Legion]]). The British government issued the [[Balfour Declaration]], which stated that the government viewed favorably "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people" but "that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine". The Declaration was issued as a result of the belief of key members of the government, including Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George]], that Jewish support was essential to winning the war; however, the declaration caused great disquiet in the Arab world.<ref>Segev, Tom (2000): ''One Palestine, Complete'', pp. 48–49, Abacus, {{ISBN|0-349-11286-X}}.</ref> After the war, the area came under British rule as the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]]. The area mandated to the British in 1923 included what is today Israel, the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]]. Transjordan eventually was carved into a separate British protectorate – the Emirate of Transjordan, which gained an autonomous status in 1928 and achieved complete independence in 1946 with the approval by the United Nations of the end of the British Mandate.
 
Տող 33.
At this point in time [[Aliyah|Jewish immigration]] to Mandatory Palestine continued, while to some opinions a similar, but less documented, immigration also took place in the Arab sector, bringing workers from Syria and other neighbouring areas. Palestinian Arabs saw this rapid influx of Jewish immigrants as a threat to their homeland and their identity as a people. Moreover, Jewish policies of purchasing land and prohibiting the employment of Arabs in Jewish-owned industries and farms greatly angered the Palestinian Arab communities.<ref>Lesch, Ann M. and Tschirgi, Dan. ''Origins and Development of the Arab-Israeli Conflict''. Greenwood Press: West Port, Connecticut. (1998). Pg.47,51</ref>{{verify source|date=August 2012}} Demonstrations were held as early as 1920, protesting what the Arabs felt were unfair preferences for the Jewish immigrants set forth by the British mandate that governed Palestine at the time. This resentment led to outbreaks of violence later that year, as the al-Husseini incited [[1920 Palestine riots|riots]] broke out in Jerusalem. [[Winston Churchill]]'s [[Churchill White Paper|1922 White Paper]] tried to reassure the Arab population, denying that the creation of a Jewish state was the intention of the Balfour Declaration.
 
====1929 eventsթվականի իրադարձություններ ====
[[1929 Palestine riots|In 1929]], after a demonstration by [[Vladimir Jabotinsky]]'s political group [[Betar]] at the [[Western Wall]], riots started in Jerusalem and expanded throughout Mandatory Palestine; Arabs murdered 67 Jews in the city of [[Hebron]], in what became known as the [[1929 Hebron massacre|Hebron massacre]]. During the week of the 1929 riots, at least 116 Arabs and 133 Jews<ref>''San Francisco Chronicle'', 9 August 2005, "A Time of Change; Israelis, Palestinians and the Disengagement"</ref> were killed and 339 wounded.<ref>NA 59/8/353/84/867n, 404 Wailing Wall/279 and 280, Archdale Diary and Palestinian Police records.</ref>
 
====1930-ական և 1940-ական թվականներ ====
====1930s and 1940s====
[[File:Havlagah bus during 1936-1939 Arab revolt-British Mandate of Palestine.jpg|thumb|A Jewish bus equipped with wire screens to protect against rock, glass, and grenade throwing, late 1930s]]
 
Տող 45.
In response to Arab pressure,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-53356391/struggle-against-jewish-immigration.html |title=The Struggle against Jewish Immigration to Palestine |accessdate=20 April 2010 |work=Middle Eastern Studies |date=1 July 1998 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112113617/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-53356391/struggle-against-jewish-immigration.html |archivedate=12 January 2012 }}</ref> the British Mandate authorities greatly reduced the number of Jewish immigrants to Palestine (see [[White Paper of 1939]] and the {{SS|Exodus}}). These restrictions remained in place until the end of the mandate, a period which coincided with the Nazi [[Holocaust]] and the flight of [[Jewish refugees]] from Europe. As a consequence, most Jewish entrants to Mandatory Palestine were considered illegal (see [[Aliyah Bet]]), causing further tensions in the region. Following several failed attempts to solve the problem diplomatically, the British asked the newly formed United Nations for help. On 15 May 1947, the General Assembly appointed a committee, the [[UNSCOP]], composed of representatives from eleven states.<ref>[https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/F5A49E57095C35B685256BCF0075D9C2 A/RES/106 (S-1)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806072438/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/F5A49E57095C35B685256BCF0075D9C2 |date=6 August 2012 }} of 15 May 1947 General Assembly Resolution 106 Constituting the UNSCOP: Retrieved 12 May 2012</ref> To make the committee more neutral, none of the Great Powers were represented.<ref>Smith, Charles D. ''Palestine and the Arab Israeli Conflict: A History With Documents''. Bedford/St. Martin's: Boston. (2004). Pg. 186</ref> After five weeks of in-country study, the Committee reported to the General Assembly on 3 September 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument |title=UNITED NATIONS: General Assembly: A/364: 3 September 1947: Retrieved 10 May 2012 |publisher=United Nations |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603150222/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument |archivedate=3 June 2012 |df= }}</ref> The Report contained a majority and a minority plan. The majority proposed a ''Plan of Partition with Economic Union''. The minority proposed ''The Independent State of Palestine''. With only slight modifications, the ''Plan of Partition with Economic Union'' was the one the adoption and implementation of which was recommended in [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181|resolution 181(II)]] of 29 November 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253 |title=A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947 |publisher=United Nations |year=1947 |accessdate=12 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524094913/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253 |archivedate=24 May 2012 |df= }}</ref> The Resolution was adopted by 33 votes to 13 with 10 abstentions. All six Arab states who were UN-members voted against it. On the ground, Arab and Jewish Palestinians were fighting openly to control strategic positions in the region. Several major atrocities were committed by both sides.<ref>Fraser, T.G. ''The Middle East: 1914–1979''. St. Martin's Press, New York. (1980). Pg. 41</ref>
 
===Քաղաքացիական պատերազմ մանդատավոր Պաղեստինում ===
===Civil War in Mandatory Palestine===
{{main|1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine}}
[[File:1947-UN-Partition-Plan-1949-Armistice-Comparison.svg|thumb|upright|alt=Map comparing the borders of the 1947 partition plan and the armistice of 1949.|{{Partition Plan-Armistice Lines comparison map legend}}]]
 
Տող 53 ⟶ 52՝
Early in 1948, the United Kingdom announced its firm intention to terminate its mandate in Palestine on 14 May.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Stefan Brooks |editor=Spencer C. Tucker |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict |title=Palestine, British Mandate for |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |volume=3 |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2 |pages=770}}</ref> In response, U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]] made a statement on 25 March [[Truman trusteeship proposal|proposing UN trusteeship]] rather than partition, stating that "unfortunately, it has become clear that the partition plan cannot be carried out at this time by peaceful means. ... unless emergency action is taken, there will be no public authority in Palestine on that date capable of preserving law and order. Violence and bloodshed will descend upon the Holy Land. Large-scale fighting among the people of that country will be the inevitable result."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mideastweb.org/trusteeship.htm |title=United States Proposal for Temporary United Nations Trusteeship for Palestine Source: Department of State Bulletin, vol. 18, No. 457, April 4, 1948, p. 451 |publisher=Mideastweb.org}}</ref>
 
==Պատմություն==
==History==
===1948 թվականի արաբա-իսրայելական պատերազմ ===
{{main|History of the Arab–Israeli conflict}}
 
===1948 Arab–Israeli War===
{{Main|1948 Arab–Israeli War}}
On 14 May 1948, the day on which the British Mandate over Palestine expired, the [[Jewish People's Council]] gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum and approved a proclamation that declared [[Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel|the establishment]] of a [[Jewish state]] in [[Eretz Israel]], to be known as the [[State of Israel]]. The declaration was made by [[David Ben-Gurion]], the Executive Head of the [[World Zionist Organization]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Declaration+of+Establishment+of+State+of+Israel.htm |title=Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel: May 14, 1948 |publisher=Mfa.gov.il |accessdate=19 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116103234/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%2BProcess/Guide%2Bto%2Bthe%2BPeace%2BProcess/Declaration%2Bof%2BEstablishment%2Bof%2BState%2Bof%2BIsrael.htm |archivedate=16 January 2013 |df= }}</ref>
 
Տող 66 ⟶ 62՝
The status of Jewish citizens in Arab states worsened during the 1948 Israeli-Arab war. Anti-Jewish riots erupted throughout the Arab World in December 1947, and Jewish communities were hit particularly hard in [[1947 Aleppo pogrom|Aleppo]] and British-controlled [[1947 Aden riots|Aden]], with hundreds of dead and injured. In [[Libya]], Jews were deprived of citizenship, and in Iraq, their property was seized.{{context inline|date=June 2015}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Aharoni |first=Ada |url=http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/content/w91udxrhc7cf5a86 |title=The Forced Migration of Jews from Arab Countries |publisher=Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group |volume=15 |issue=1 |date=March 2003 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Egypt expelled most of its foreign community, including Jews, after the Suez War 1956,<ref>{{cite book |last=Gorman |first=Anthony |title=Historians, State and Politics in Twentieth Century Egypt: Contesting the Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWE2i6PBJvIC&pg=PA174#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Psychology Press |year=2003 |pages=174–5 |isbn=9780415297530}}</ref> while Algeria denied its French citizens, including Jews, of citizenship upon its independence in 1962. Over the course of twenty years, some [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries|850,000 Jews from Arab countries]] immigrated to Israel and other countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Group seeks justice for 'forgotten' Jews |first=Warren |last=Hoge |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/world/americas/04iht-nations.4.8182206.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 November 2007 |accessdate=7 June 2015}}</ref>
 
===1949–1967 թվականներ===
===1949–67===
As a result of Israel's victory in the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], any Arabs caught on the wrong side of the ceasefire line were unable to return to their homes in what became Israel. Likewise, any Jews on the West Bank or in Gaza were exiled from their property and homes to Israel. Today's Palestinian refugees are the descendants of those who left, the responsibility for their exodus being a matter of dispute between the Israeli and the Palestinian side.<ref>Erskine Childers, "The Other Exodus", ''The Spectator'', 12 May 1961, reprinted in [[Walter Laqueur]] (ed.) ''The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict,''(1969) rev.ed. Pelican, 1970 pp. 179–188 p.183.</ref><ref name=Morris2004>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Benny | authorlink=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|edition=2nd|isbn=0-679-42120-3}}</ref>{{rp|114}} Morris concluded that the "decisive cause" for the abandonment by Palestinian Arabs of their settlements was predominantly related to, or caused by, actions of the Jewish forces (citing actual physical expulsions, military assaults on settlements, fear of being caught up in fighting, the fall of nearby settlements, and propaganda inciting flight), while abandonment due to orders by the Arab leadership was decisive in only six out of the 392 depopulated Arab settlements analysed by him.<ref name=Morris2004 />{{rp|xiv-xviii}} Over 700,000 Jews emigrated to Israel between 1948 and 1952, with approximately 285,000 of them from Arab countries.<ref>[http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Jewish+History/Zionist+History/Zionist+Aliyot/1940s.htm '1942–1951'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011030256/http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Jewish+History/Zionist+History/Zionist+Aliyot/1940s.htm |date=11 October 2008 }}, Jewish Agency for Israel.<br>- During the first four years of statehood, the country had to struggle for its existence, while simultaneously absorbing over 700,000 immigrants.</ref><ref name=neumann>[http://repec.iza.org/RePEc/Discussionpaper/dp89.pdf Aliyeh to Israel: Immigration under Conditions of Adversity]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Shoshana Neumann, Bar-Ilan University, page 10. Asia: Yemen – 45,127 (6.7), Turkey – 34,647 (5), Iraq – 124,225 (18), Iran – 25,971 (3.8), Syria and Lebanon – 3,162 (0.5), Eden – 3,320 (0.5); Africa: Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria – 52,565 (7.7), Libya – 32,130 (4.6) (Keren-Hayesod, 1953). Note: The numbers add up to 286,500 (without Turkey, see also: [[History of the Jews in Turkey]]). {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
 
Տող 79 ⟶ 75՝
On 30 May 1967, Jordan signed a mutual defense pact with Egypt. Egypt mobilized Sinai units, crossing UN lines (after having expelled the UN border monitors) and mobilized and massed on Israel's southern border. On 5 June, Israel launched an attack on Egypt. The [[Israeli Air Force]] (IAF) destroyed most of the [[Egyptian Air Force]] in a surprise attack, then turned east to destroy the Jordanian, Syrian and Iraqi air forces.<ref>{{cite book|last=Morris|first=Benny|title=Righteous victims : a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881–2001|year=2001|publisher=Vintage Books|location=New York|isbn=0-679-74475-4|pages=316–318|edition=1st Vintage Books}}</ref> This strike was the crucial element in Israel's victory in the [[Six-Day War]].<ref name="MFA: The Arab-Israeli Wars"/><ref name="JordanGov: The Disaster of 1967"/> At the war's end, Israel had gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank (including [[East Jerusalem]]), [[Shebaa farms]], and the Golan Heights. The results of the war affect the geopolitics of the region to this day.
 
===1967–1973 թվականներ===
===1967–73===
[[File:Bridge Crossing.jpg|thumb|Egyptian forces crossing the Suez Canal on 7 October 1973]]
At the end of August 1967, Arab leaders [[Khartoum Resolution|met in Khartoum]] in response to the war, to discuss the Arab position toward Israel. They reached consensus that there should be no recognition, no peace, and no negotiations with the State of Israel, the so-called "three no's".<ref name="SIS: President Mubarak Interview with Israeli TV">{{cite web|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics/Presidency/President/Interview/000001/0401050300000000000154.htm |title=President Mubarak Interview with Israeli TV |accessdate=4 March 2007 |date=15 February 2006 |publisher=Egyptian State Information Service |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928001621/http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics/Presidency/President/Interview/000001/0401050300000000000154.htm |archivedate=28 September 2007 }}</ref>
Տող 87 ⟶ 83՝
On 6 October 1973, Syria and Egypt staged a surprise attack on Israel on [[Yom Kippur]], the holiest day of the Jewish calendar. The Israeli military were caught off guard and unprepared, and took about three days to fully mobilize.<ref name="Britannica: The Yom Kippur War">{{cite web| url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-219432/Israel| title=Israel: The Yom Kippur War| accessdate=3 March 2007| work=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref name="Encarta: Arab-Israeli War of 1973">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564886/Arab-Israeli_War_of_1973.html |title=Arab-Israeli War of 1973 |accessdate=4 March 2007 |publisher=Encarta Encyclopedia |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwKa1wQy?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564886/Arab-Israeli_War_of_1973.html |archivedate=31 October 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> This led other Arab states to send troops to reinforce the Egyptians and Syrians. In addition, these Arab countries agreed to enforce an oil embargo on industrial nations including the U.S, Japan and Western European Countries. These OPEC countries increased the price of oil fourfold, and used it as a political weapon to gain support against Israel.<ref>Smith, Charles D. (2006) ''Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict'', New York: Bedford, p. 329.</ref> The [[Yom Kippur War]] accommodated [[Cold War|indirect confrontation]] between the US and the Soviet Union. When Israel had turned the tide of war, the USSR threatened military intervention. The United States, wary of [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]], secured a ceasefire on 25 October.<ref name="Britannica: The Yom Kippur War"/><ref name="Encarta: Arab-Israeli War of 1973" />
 
===1974–2000 թվականներ===
 
====EgyptԵգիպտոս====
{{Further|Egypt–Israel relations}}
[[File:Begin, Carter and Sadat at Camp David 1978.jpg|right|thumb|Begin, Carter and Sadat at Camp David]]
Following the [[Camp David Accords]] of the late 1970s, Israel and Egypt signed a [[Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty|peace treaty]] in March 1979. Under its terms, the [[Sinai Peninsula]] returned to Egyptian hands, and the Gaza Strip remained under Israeli control, to be included in a future [[Palestinian state]]. The agreement also provided for the free passage of Israeli ships through the Suez Canal and recognition of the [[Straits of Tiran]] and the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] as international waterways.
 
====JordanՀորդանան====
{{Further|Israel–Jordan relations}}
In October 1994, Israel and Jordan signed a [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty|peace agreement]], which stipulated mutual cooperation, an end of hostilities, the fixing of the Israel-Jordan border, and a resolution of other issues. The conflict between them had cost roughly 18.3 billion dollars. Its signing is also closely linked with the efforts to create peace between Israel and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) representing the [[Palestinian National Authority]] (PNA). It was signed at the southern border crossing of Arabah on 26 October 1994 and made Jordan only the second Arab country (after Egypt) to sign a peace accord with Israel.
 
====IraqԻրաք====
{{Further|Iraq–Israel relations}}
Israel and Iraq have been implacable foes since 1948. Iraq sent its troops to participate in the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], and later backed Egypt and Syria in the 1967 Six-Day War and in the 1973 Yom Kippur War.
 
Տող 106 ⟶ 99՝
During the [[Gulf War]] in 1991, Iraq fired 39 [[Scud]] missiles into Israel, in the hopes of uniting the Arab world against the coalition which sought to liberate [[Kuwait]]. At the behest of the United States, Israel did not respond to this attack in order to prevent a greater outbreak of war.
 
====LebanonԼիբանան====
{{Further|Israeli–Lebanese conflict|Israel–Lebanon relations|Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon}}
In 1970, following an extended [[Black September in Jordan|civil war]], King Hussein expelled the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] from Jordan. September 1970 is known as the Black September in Arab history and sometimes is referred to as the "era of regrettable events". It was a month when Hashemite King Hussein of Jordan moved to quash the autonomy of Palestinian organisations and restore his monarchy's rule over the country.<ref>Shlaim. Avi. ''Lion of Jordan; The life of King Hussein in War in Peace'', 2007, pg. 301.</ref> The violence resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of people, the vast majority Palestinians.<ref>Massad, Joseph Andoni. "Colonial Effects: The Making of National Identity in Jordan", pg. 342.</ref> Armed conflict lasted until July 1971 with the expulsion of the PLO and thousands of Palestinian fighters to Lebanon. The PLO resettled in Lebanon, from which it staged raids into Israel. In 1978, Israel launched [[Operation Litani]], in which it together with the [[South Lebanon Army]] forced the PLO to retreat north of the Litani river. In 1981 another conflict between Israel and the PLO broke out, which ended with a ceasefire agreement that did not solve the core of the conflict. In June 1982, [[1982 Lebanon War|Israel invaded Lebanon]]. Within two months the PLO agreed to withdraw thence.
Տող 112 ⟶ 105՝
In March 1983, Israel and Lebanon signed a ceasefire agreement. However, Syria pressured President [[Amine Gemayel]] into nullifying the truce in March 1984. By 1985, Israeli forces withdrew to a 15&nbsp;km wide southern strip of Lebanon, following which the conflict continued on a lower scale, with relatively low casualties on both sides. In 1993 and 1996, Israel launched major operations against the Shiite militia of [[Hezbollah]], which had become an emergent threat. In May 2000, the newly elected government of [[Ehud Barak]] authorized a withdrawal from Southern Lebanon, fulfilling an election promise to do so well ahead of a declared deadline. The hasty withdrawal lead to the immediate collapse of the [[South Lebanon Army]], and many members either got arrested or fled to Israel.
 
====PalestiniansՊաղեստինցիներ====
{{Further|Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}
The 1970s were marked by a large number of major, international terrorist attacks, including the [[Lod Airport massacre]] and the [[Munich massacre|Munich Olympics Massacre]] in 1972, and the [[Operation Entebbe|Entebbe Hostage Taking]] in 1976, with over 100 Jewish hostages of different nationalities kidnapped and held in Uganda.
Տող 124 ⟶ 117՝
The Oslo II agreement was signed in 1995 and detailed the division of the West Bank into [[West Bank Areas in the Oslo II Accord|Areas A, B, and C]]. Area A was land under full Palestinian civilian control, and Palestinians were also responsible for internal security. The Oslo agreements remain important documents in Israeli-Palestinian relations.
 
===2000–2005 թվականներ===
===2000–05===
The [[Second Intifada]] forced Israel to rethink its relationship and policies towards the Palestinians. Following a [[List of Palestinian suicide attacks|series of suicide bombings]] and attacks, the Israeli army launched [[Operation Defensive Shield]]. It was the largest military operation conducted by Israel since the Six-Day War.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Yedioth Aharonoth Books and Chemed Books and it had a very big conflict|isbn =978-965-511-767-7|last=Harel|first=Amos|author2=Avi Isacharoff|title=The Seventh War|pages=274–275|location=Tel Aviv|year=2004}}</ref>
 
Տող 131 ⟶ 124՝
Israel's then prime minister [[Ariel Sharon]] began a policy of [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza|disengagement]] from the [[Gaza Strip]] in 2003. This policy was fully implemented in August 2005.<ref name="Special Update: Disengagement – August 2005">"[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern+History/Historic+Events/Disengagement+-+August+2005.htm Special Update: Disengagement – August 2005]", Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</ref> Sharon's announcement to disengage from Gaza came as a tremendous shock to his critics both on the left and on the right. A year previously, he had commented that the fate of the most far-flung settlements in Gaza, Netzararem and Kfar Darom, was regarded in the same light as that of Tel Aviv.<ref>Ma'ariv II December 2002</ref> The formal announcements to evacuate seventeen Gaza settlements and another four in the West Bank in February 2004 represented the first reversal for the settler movement since 1968. It divided his party. It was strongly supported by Trade and Industry Minister [[Ehud Olmert]] and [[Tzipi Livni]], the Minister for Immigration and Absorption, but Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom and Finance Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] strongly condemned it. It was also uncertain whether this was simply the beginning of further evacuation.<ref>Shindler, Colin. ''A History of Modern Israel'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008, pg. 314</ref>
 
===Անցում դեպի իրանական հակամարտություն (2006 թվականից մինչև մեր օրեր)===
===Shift to Iranian conflict (2006–present)===
{{see|Iran-Israel proxy conflict}}
In June 2006, [[Hamas]] militants infiltrated an army post near the Israeli side of the Gaza Strip and abducted Israeli soldier [[Gilad Shalit]]. Two IDF soldiers were killed in the attack, while Shalit was wounded after his tank was hit with an [[Rocket-propelled grenade|RPG]]. Three days later Israel launched [[Operation Summer Rains]] to secure the release of Shalit.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ravid |first=Barak |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/gilad-shalit-to-be-returned-to-israel-within-a-week-1.389655 |title=Gilad Shalit to be returned to Israel within a week – Israel News &#124; Haaretz Daily Newspaper |work=Haaretz |date=12 October 2011 |accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref> He was held hostage by [[Hamas]], who barred the [[International Red Cross]] from seeing him, until 18 October 2011, when he was exchanged for 1,027 Palestinian prisoners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/who-are-the-deadly-terrorists-israel-refuses-to-release-for-shalit-1.272300|title=Who are the deadly terrorists Israel refuses to release for Shalit?|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ravid |first=Barak |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArtStEngPE.jhtml?itemNo=1071934&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&title='Israel%20to%20publish%20Hamas%20prisoner%20list%20'&dyn_server=172.20.5.5 |archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org:80/web/20111208125041/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-to-publish-hamas-prisoner-list-1.272320 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=8 December 2011 |title=Israel to publish Hamas prisoner list |work=Haaretz |date=18 March 2009 |accessdate=19 January 2013 }}</ref>
Տող 170 ⟶ 163՝
On 9 December 2017, US president [[Donald Trump]] announced the [[United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel|United States recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel]], prompting [[United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel#International response|condemnation by other world leaders]] as well as the [[2018 Gaza border protests]]. The new [[Embassy of the United States, Jerusalem|United States Embassy]] opened in Jerusalem on 14 May 2018.
 
==Նշանակալից պատերազմներ և բռնի իրադարձություններ ==
==Notable wars and violent events==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Time
Տող 227 ⟶ 220՝
|}
 
==Հակամարտության արժեք ==
==Cost of conflict==
{{See also|Arab League boycott of Israel}}
A report by [[Strategic Foresight Group]] has estimated the [[opportunity cost]] of conflict for the Middle East from 1991–2010 at $12 trillion. The report's opportunity cost calculates the peace GDP of countries in the Middle East by comparing the current GDP to the potential GDP in times of peace. Israel's share is almost $1 trillion, with Iraq and Saudi Arabia having approximately $2.2 and $4.5 trillion, respectively. In other words, had there been peace and cooperation between Israel and Arab League nations since 1991, the average Israeli citizen would be earning over $44,000 instead of $23,000 in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategicforesight.com/Cost%20of%20Conflict%20-%206%20pager.pdf |title=''Cost of Conflict in the Middle East'', Strategic Foresight Group |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201053723/http://www.strategicforesight.com/Cost%20of%20Conflict%20-%206%20pager.pdf |archivedate=1 February 2009 }}</ref>
Տող 233 ⟶ 226՝
In terms of the human cost, it is estimated that the conflict has taken 92,000 lives (74,000 military and 18,000 civilian from 1945 to 1995).<ref name="buzan">{{cite book| last=Buzan | first=Barry | title=Regions and powers | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2003 | url=https://books.google.com/?id=N3LfkrrNM4QC&pg=PA215&dq=arab-israeli+fatalities | accessdate=21 April 2009| isbn=978-0-521-89111-0}}</ref>
 
==SeeՏե՛ս alsoնաև==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*[[One-state solution]]
Տող 259 ⟶ 252՝
}}
 
==Արտաքին հղումներ==
==References==
 
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
==Հետագա ընթերցանություն==
==Further reading==
{{See also|Bibliography of the Arab–Israeli conflict}}
*[[Associated Press]], comp. (1996). ''Lightning Out of Israel: [The Six-Day War in the Middle East]: The Arab-Israeli Conflict''. Commemorative Ed. Western Printing and Lithographing Company for the Associated Press. ASIN B000BGT89M.