«Մասնակից:Արմինե Մարկոսյան/Ավազարկղ»–ի խմբագրումների տարբերություն

 

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===Օրացույց===

{{Main|Իսլամական օրացույց}}

The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen, reportedly by [[Umar|Caliph Umar]], to be the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] in 622 CE, which was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes. It is a [[lunar calendar]] with days lasting from sunset to sunset.<ref>[[Patheos Library]] – Islam Sacred Time – [http://www.patheos.com/Library/Islam/Ritual-Worship-Devotion-Symbolism/Sacred-Time.html Patheos.com]</ref> Islamic [[Muslim holidays|holy days]] fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in [[seasons|different seasons]] in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]]. The most important Islamic festivals are ''[[Eid al-Fitr]]'' ({{lang-ar|عيد الفطر}}) on the 1st of ''[[Shawwal]]'', marking the end of the fasting month ''Ramadan'', and ''[[Eid al-Adha]]'' ({{lang|ar|عيد الأضحى}}) on the 10th of ''[[Dhu al-Hijjah]]'', coinciding with the end of the Hajj pilgrimage.<ref>Ghamidi (2001): [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html Customs and Behavioral Laws] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923142412/http://www.renaissance.com.pk/janisla2y2.html |date=2013-09-23 }}</ref>

 

==Քննադատություն==

Criticism of Islam has existed since Islam's formative stages. Early criticism came from Christian authors, many of whom viewed Islam as a Christian [[heresy]] or a form of idolatry and often explained it in apocalyptic terms.<ref>{{Cite book| author=Erwin Fahlbusch | title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 2 | publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing | year=1999 | url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}}|page=759| isbn=9789004116955 }}</ref> Later there appeared criticism from the [[Muslim world]] itself, and also from [[Jewish]] writers and from ecclesiastical Christians.<ref name="WarraqPoetry">{{Cite book| last=Warraq| first=Ibn | title=Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out | publisher=Prometheus Books | year=2003 | isbn=978-1-59102-068-4 | page=67}}</ref><ref name="Ibn Kammuna">{{cite book|first=Ibn|last=Kammuna|title=Examination of the Three Faiths|publisher=Moshe Perlmann|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|date=1971|pages=148–149}}</ref><ref name="Oussani">{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10424a.htm|title=Mohammed and Mohammedanism|first=Gabriel|last=Oussani|publisher=Catholic Encyclopedia|website=Newadvent.org|accessdate=April 16, 2006}}</ref>

 

===Նշումներ===

{{Reflist|group=note}}

 

===Գրքեր և ամսագրեր===

==Արտաքին հղումներ==

 

* [http://www.patheos.com/Library/Islam.html Patheos Library&nbsp;– Islam]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140729180433/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/home/ University of Southern California Compendium of Muslim Texts]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041010144541/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/ Divisions in Islam]

 

 

;Directories

* [http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 Islam (Bookshelf)] at [[Project Gutenberg]]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090326092524/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/islamus.htm Islam] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''

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