«Թոքի քաղցկեղ»–ի խմբագրումների տարբերություն

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Տող 1.
{{Infobox medical condition (new)|name=Lung cancer|synonyms=Lung carcinoma|image=LungCACXR.PNG|caption=A [[chest X-ray]] showing a tumor in the lung (marked by arrow)|field=[[Oncology]]|symptoms=Coughing (including [[Hemoptysis|coughing up blood]]), weight loss, shortness of breath, [[chest pain]]s<ref name="Harrison"/>|complications=|onset=~70 years<ref name="SEER"/>|duration=|types=[[Small-cell lung carcinoma]] (SCLC), [[non-small-cell lung carcinoma]] (NSCLC)<ref name=NCI2016Pt/>|causes=|risks=[[Tobacco smoking]], [[genetics|genetic factors]], [[radon]] gas, [[asbestos]], [[air pollution]]<ref name="MurrayNadel52"/><ref name="O'Reilly"/>|diagnosis=[[Medical imaging]], [[tissue biopsy]]<ref name="Holland-Frei78"/><ref name="Merck"/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Surgery]], [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation therapy|radiotherapy]]<ref name="Merck"/>|medication=|prognosis=[[Five-year survival rate]] 17.4% (US)<ref name="SEER"/>|frequency=3.3 million affected as of 2015<!-- prevalence --><ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref>|deaths=1.7 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref>}}'''Թոքերի քաղցկեղը''',<ref name="Merck">{{cite web|url=http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec05/ch062/ch062b.html#sec05-ch062-ch062b-1405|title=Lung Carcinoma: Tumors of the Lungs|publisher=Merck Manual Professional Edition, Online edition|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816142739/http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec05/ch062/ch062b.html#sec05-ch062-ch062b-1405|archivedate=16 August 2007|accessdate=15 August 2007|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> թոքերի չարորակ ուռուցք է, որին բնորոշ է թոքերի բջիջների անկանոն բազմացումը:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/non-small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq|title=Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment –Patient Version (PDQ®)|date=May 12, 2015|website=NCI|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229172247/http://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/non-small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq|archivedate=29 February 2016|accessdate=5 March 2016|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Այս աճը կարող է  մետաստազի միջոցով թոքերից տարածվել  դեպի մոտակա հյուսվածքներ կամ մարմնի այլ մասեր: <ref>{{cite book|title=Lung Cancer—the facts|vauthors=Falk S, Williams C|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-956933-5|edition=3rd|pages=3–4|chapter=Chapter 1}}</ref> Երկու հիմնական տեսակներն են փոքր-բջջային թոքերի քաղցկեղը(SCLC) և ոչ-փոքր-բջջային քաղցկեղը(NSCLC):<ref name="NCI2016Pt">{{cite web|url=http://www.cancer.gov/types/lung|title=Lung Cancer—Patient Version|website=NCI|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309175259/http://www.cancer.gov/types/lung|archivedate=9 March 2016|accessdate=5 March 2016|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Հիմնական ախտանիշներն են [[Հազ|հազը]] (including [[Արյունախխում|ա]]<nowiki/>րյունախխումը), քաշի կորուստը, շնչահեղձությունը, և կրծքավանդակի ցավերը:<ref name="Harrison">{{cite book|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|vauthors=Horn L, Lovly CM|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2015|isbn=978-1259644030|veditors=Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo J|edition=20th|chapter=Chapter 74: Neoplasms of the lung}}</ref>
 
 
 
Թոքերի քաղցկեղը դեպքերի 85%-ում առաջանում է երկարաժամկետ ծխախոտ գործածելու հետևանքով: Թոքերի քաղցկեղ ունեցողների միայն 10-15%-ը երբեք չեն ծխել:<ref name="Thun">{{Cite journal|date=September 2008|title=Lung cancer occurrence in never-smokers: an analysis of 13 cohorts and 22 cancer registry studies|journal=PLoS Medicine|volume=5|issue=9|pages=e185|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050185|pmc=2531137|pmid=18788891|vauthors=Thun MJ, Hannan LM, Adams-Campbell LL, etal}}</ref> Այս դեպքերը հիմնականում գենետիկ գործոնների, [[ռադոն]] գազի, [[Ասբեստ|ասբեստի]], պասիվ ծխելու կամ  այլ աղտոտման ձևերի արդյունք են: <ref name="MurrayNadel52">{{cite book|title=Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine|vauthors=Alberg AJ, Brock MV, Samet JM|publisher=Saunders Elsevier|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4557-3383-5|edition=6th|chapter=Chapter 52: Epidemiology of lung cancer}}</ref><ref name="O'Reilly">{{cite journal|date=March 2007|title=Asbestos-related lung disease|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070301/683.html|deadurl=no|journal=American Family Physician|volume=75|issue=5|pages=683–8|pmid=17375514|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083111/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070301/683.html|archive-date=29 September 2007|vauthors=O'Reilly KM, Mclaughlin AM, Beckett WS, Sime PJ|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="AUTOREF">{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44324/|title=The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General|date=27 June 2006|publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215064658/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44324/|archivedate=15 February 2017|quote=Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke.|vauthors=Carmona RH|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="AUTOREF1">{{Cite journal|year=2004|title=Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking|url=http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/mono83.pdf|deadurl=no|format=PDF|journal=IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans|publisher=WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer|volume=83|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813204458/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/mono83.pdf|archivedate=13 August 2015|quote=There is sufficient evidence that involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) causes lung cancer in humans.&nbsp;... Involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref name="Collins">{{cite journal|date=January 2007|title=Lung cancer: diagnosis and management|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070101/56.html|deadurl=no|journal=American Family Physician|volume=75|issue=1|pages=56–63|pmid=17225705|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104510/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070101/56.html|archive-date=29 September 2007|vauthors=Collins LG, Haines C, Perkel R, Enck RE|df=dmy-all}}</ref>