«Թոքի քաղցկեղ»–ի խմբագրումների տարբերություն
Content deleted Content added
Տող 1.
Թոքերի քաղցկեղը դեպքերի 85%-ում առաջանում է երկարաժամկետ ծխախոտ գործածելու հետևանքով: Թոքերի քաղցկեղ ունեցողների միայն 10-15%-ը երբեք չեն ծխել:<ref name="Thun">{{Cite journal|date=September 2008|title=Lung cancer occurrence in never-smokers: an analysis of 13 cohorts and 22 cancer registry studies|journal=PLoS Medicine|volume=5|issue=9|pages=e185|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050185|pmc=2531137|pmid=18788891|vauthors=Thun MJ, Hannan LM, Adams-Campbell LL, etal}}</ref> Այս դեպքերը հիմնականում գենետիկ գործոնների, [[ռադոն]] գազի, [[Ասբեստ|ասբեստի]], պասիվ ծխելու կամ այլ աղտոտման ձևերի արդյունք են: <ref name="MurrayNadel52">{{cite book|title=Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine|vauthors=Alberg AJ, Brock MV, Samet JM|publisher=Saunders Elsevier|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4557-3383-5|edition=6th|chapter=Chapter 52: Epidemiology of lung cancer}}</ref><ref name="O'Reilly">{{cite journal|date=March 2007|title=Asbestos-related lung disease|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070301/683.html|deadurl=no|journal=American Family Physician|volume=75|issue=5|pages=683–8|pmid=17375514|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083111/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070301/683.html|archive-date=29 September 2007|vauthors=O'Reilly KM, Mclaughlin AM, Beckett WS, Sime PJ|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="AUTOREF">{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44324/|title=The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General|date=27 June 2006|publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215064658/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44324/|archivedate=15 February 2017|quote=Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke.|vauthors=Carmona RH|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="AUTOREF1">{{Cite journal|year=2004|title=Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking|url=http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/mono83.pdf|deadurl=no|format=PDF|journal=IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans|publisher=WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer|volume=83|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813204458/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/mono83.pdf|archivedate=13 August 2015|quote=There is sufficient evidence that involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) causes lung cancer in humans. ... Involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref name="Collins">{{cite journal|date=January 2007|title=Lung cancer: diagnosis and management|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070101/56.html|deadurl=no|journal=American Family Physician|volume=75|issue=1|pages=56–63|pmid=17225705|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104510/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070101/56.html|archive-date=29 September 2007|vauthors=Collins LG, Haines C, Perkel R, Enck RE|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|