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'''Քեչուա լեզուն''' օգտագործվում է հարավ Ամերիկյան երկրներում:
<!--{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="300" style="margin-left: 1em"
! colspan="2" bgcolor="lawngreen" style="font-size:110%"|Quechua (''Runa Simi'')
|-
| valign="top"|Spoken in:
|[[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]].
|-
| valign="top"|Region:
|[[Andes]]
|-
| valign="top"|Total speakers:
|9,600,000
|-
| valign="top"|[[List of languages by total speakers|Ranking]]:
|''Not ranked''
|-
| valign="top"|[[Language families and languages|Genetic]]<br>[[Language families and languages|classification]]:
|[[Quechuan languages|Quechuan]]
|-
! colspan="2" bgcolor="lawngreen"|Official status
|-
| valign="top"|Official language of:
| valign="top"| [[Bolivia]] and [[Peru]]
|-
| valign="top"|Regulated by:
| valign="top"| [[Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua]]
|-
! colspan="2" bgcolor="lawngreen"|Language codes
|-
|[[ISO 639]]-1||qu
|-
|ISO 639-2||que
|-
|[[SIL]]||Varies, dialects are considered separate languages by [[SIL]]
|}
{{lang-stub}}
'''Quechua''' (Standard Quechua, ''Runasimi'' "Language of People") is an [[Native American language]] of [[South America]]. It was the official language of the ''[[Tawantinsuyu]]'' (Inca empire), and today is spoken in various dialects by some 9.6 million people throughout South America, starting as far north as modern southern [[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]], throughout all of [[Peru]] and [[Bolivia]], and reaching into northwestern [[Argentina]] and northern [[Chile]]. Some have proposed Quechua to be related to [[Aymara_language|Aymara]] as members of a larger Quechumaran linguistic stock. This proposal is controversial, however, because similarities appear to be born from long time contact.
[[Կատեգորիա:Լեզուներ]]
Today's theories about Quechua's origin put its initial territorial domain in modern Peru's Central Coast, possibly in the ancient city of [[Caral]], around [[2600 BC]]. There are three main dialect groups. [[Northern Quechua]] is the dialect mainly spoken in Colombia and Ecuador, also known as ''Quichua'' or ''Runashimi''. [[Central Quechua]] is spoken in Peru's Central Highlands, and is the most archaic and diverse branch of Quechua, so that its dialects have been often considered a different tongue. [[Southern Quechua]], spoken in Peru's Southern Highlands, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile, is today's most important branch, both on demography basis as much as for its cultural and literary inheritance. Despite the dialectal fragmentation, unavoidable in such an ancient and widespread tongue, Quechua is considered one and the same language, consequently making it the most widely spoken of all [[Amerindian|American Indian]] languages in the [[Americas]].
<!--Այլ լեզուներ-->
[[Inca]] kings of [[Cuzco]] made Quechua their official language and, with Inca conquest in [[14th century]], the Empire's language became Ancient Peru's ''lingua franca''. By the time of the [[Spanish conquest]], in [[16th century]], the language had already spread throughout the South American continent. The language was further extended beyond the limits of the Inca empire by the [[Catholic Church]], which chose it to preach to Indians in the [[Andes]] area. Today it has, along with [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and Aymara, the status of an official language in both Peru and Bolivia. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and the introduction of the [[Latin alphabet]], Quechua had no written alphabet; instead, it had a system of accountance with [[khipu]]-strings.
Quechua is a very regular language, but a large number of infixes and suffixes change both the overall significance of words and their subtle shades of meaning, allowing great expressiveness. It includes grammatical features such as [[bipersonal conjugation]] and conjugation dependent on mental state and veracity of knowledge, spatial and temporal relationships, and many cultural factors.
==Quechua loanwords==
A number of Quechua [[loanword]]s have entered [[English language|English]] via [[Spanish language|Spanish]], including ''[[coca]]'', ''[[condor]]'', ''[[guano]]'', ''[[gaucho]]'', ''[[jerky (food)|jerky]]'', ''[[inca]]'', ''[[llama]]'', ''[[pampa]]'', ''[[potato]]'' (from ''papa'' via ''patata''), ''[[puma]]'', ''[[quinoa]]'', and ''[[vicuña]]'' . The word ''[[lagniappe]]'' comes from the Quechua word ''yapay'' ("to encresse; to add") with the article ''la'' in front of it, ''la yapa'', in Spanish.
== Quechua spelling and pronunciation ==
=== Vowels ===
Quechua uses only three vowels: '''/a/''', '''/i/''', and '''/u/''', similar to [[Classical Arabic]]. These are usually pronounced roughly as in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], however, when the vowels appear adjacent to the uvular consonants '''/q/''', '''/q'/''', and '''/qh/''', they are rendered more like '''[{{IPA|ɑ}}]''' , '''[e]''' and '''[o]''' respectively.
=== Consonants ===
<table>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<th>[[labial consonant|labial]]</th>
<th>[[alveolar consonant|alveolar]]</th>
<th>[[palatal consonant|palatal]]</th>
<th>[[velar consonant|velar]]</th>
<th>[[uvular consonant|uvular]]</th>
<th>[[glottal consonant|glottal]]</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="right">[[plosive]]</th>
<td align="center">p</td>
<td align="center">t</td>
<td align="center">ch</td>
<td align="center">k</td>
<td align="center">q</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="right">[[fricative]]</th>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center">s</td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center">h</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="right">[[nasal consonant|nasal]]</th>
<td align="center">m</td>
<td align="center">n</td>
<td align="center">ñ</td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="right">[[lateral consonant|lateral]]</th>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center">l</td>
<td align="center">ll</td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="right">[[trill]]</th>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center">r</td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="right">[[semivowel]]</th>
<td align="center">w</td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center">y</td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td>
</tr>
</table>
The consonant inventory seems a bit strange to speakers of [[Indo-European]] languages. None of the plosives or fricatives are voiced; voicing is not [[phoneme|phonemic]] in Quechua. However, in Cuzco dialect, each plosive has three forms: simple, with [[glottal stop]], and with [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspiration]] (a feature that is considered to be of [[Aymara]] origin). For example:
simple ejective aspirated
p p' ph
t t' th
ch ch' chh
k k' kh
q q' qh
Peruvian linguist [[Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino]] has proposed an orthography norm for all Quechua, called [[Southern Quechua]]. This norm, accepted by many institutions in Peru, has been made by combining conservative features of two most spreaded dialects: [[Ayacucho Quechua]] and [[Cuzco Quechua]] (which is also used in Bolivia and Argentina). For instance:
'''''Ayacucho''''' '''''Cuzco''''' '''''Southern Quechua'''''
upyay uhyay upyay "to drink"
utqa usqha utqha "fast"
llamkay llank'ay llamk'ay "to work"
ñuqanchik nuqanchis ñuqanchik "us"
kachkay kashay kachkay "to be there"
punchaw p'unchay p'unchaw "day"
== Quechua morphology ==
*[[Pronoun]]s
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px gray solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; vertical-align: center;"
| colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="background:white;border-top:2px white solid;border-right:1px solid gray;border-bottom:1px solid gray;border-left:2px white solid;"|
| colspan=2 align="center" style="background:#9FB6CD;"|<big>'''Number'''</big>
|-
| align="center" style="background:#B9D3EE"|'''''Singular'''''
| align="center" style="background:#B9D3EE"|'''''Plural'''''
|-
| rowspan=3 style="background:#9FB6CD"|<big>'''Person'''</big>
| align="center" style="background:#B9D3EE"|'''''First'''''
|Ñuqa
|Ñuqanchik ''(inclusive)''
Ñuqayku ''(exclusive)''
|-
| align="center" style="background:#B9D3EE"|'''''Second'''''
|Qan
|Qankuna
|-
| align="center" style="background:#B9D3EE"|'''''Third'''''
|Pay
|Paykuna
|}
In Quechua, there are seven pronouns. Quechua also has two first person plural pronouns ("we", in English). One is called the [[inclusive]], which is used when the speaker wishes to include in "we" the person to whom he or she is speaking ("we and you"). The other form is called the [[exclusive]], which is used when the [[addressee]] is excluded. ("we without you"). Quechua also adds the suffix ''-kuna'' to the second and third person singular pronouns ''qam'' and ''pay'' to create the plural forms ''qam-kuna'' and ''pay-kuna''.
*[[Adjective]]s
Adjectives are placed before nouns. Unlike Romance languages, Quechuan adjectives lack gender and number, nor are declined when accompanied by substantives, which they allways precede.
*Numbers.
**Cardinal numbers. ''ch'usaq'' (0), ''huk'' (1), ''iskay'' (2), ''kimsa'' (3), ''tawa'' (4), ''pichqa'' (5), ''suqta'' (6), ''qanchis'' (7), ''pusaq'' (8), ''isqun'' (9), ''chunka'' (10), ''chunka hukniyuq'' (11), ''chunka iskayniyuq'' (12), ''iskay chunka'' (20), ''pachak'' (100), ''waranqa'' (1,000), ''hunu'' (1'000,000), ''lluna'' (1'000,000'000,000).
**Ordinal numbers. To form ordinal numbers, the word ''ñiqin'' is put after the appropriate cardinal number (e.g., ''iskay ñiqin'' = "second"). The only exception is that, in addition to ''huk ñiqin'' ("first"), the phrase ''ñawpaq'' is also used in the somewhat more restricted sense of "the initial, primordial, the oldest".
*[[Verb]]s
The infinitive forms (unconjugated) have the suffix ''-y'' (''much'a''= "kiss"; ''much'a-y'' = "to kiss"). The endings for the indicative voice are:
{| align="center"
!
! Present
! Past
! Future
! Pluperfect
|-
! Ñuqa
| -ni
| -rqa-ni
| -saq
| -sqa-ni
|-
! Qam
| -nki
| -rqa-nki
| -nki
| -sqa-nki
|-
! Pay
| -n
| -rqa-n
| -nqa
| -sqa
|-
! Ñuqanchik
| -nchik
| -rqa-nchik
| -sun
| -sqa-nchik
|-
! Ñuqayku
| -yku
| -rqa-yku
| -saq-ku
| -sqa-yku
|-
! Qamkuna
| -nki-chik
| -rqa-nki-chik
| -nki-chik
| -sqa-nki-chik
|-
! Paykuna
| -n-ku
| -rqa-nku
| -nqa-ku
| -sqa-ku
|}
To these are added various interfixes and suffixes to change the meaning. For example, ''-ku-'', is added to make the actor the recipient of the action (example: ''wañuy'' = "to die"; ''wañukuy'' = "to commit suicide"); ''-naku-'', when the action is mutual (example: ''marq'ay''= "to hug"; ''marq'anakuy''= "to hug each other"), and ''-chka-'', when the condition is continuing (e.g., ''mikhuy'' = "to eat"; ''mikhuchkay'' = "to be eating").
*[[Particle]]s
These are indeclinable words, that is, they do not accept suffixes. They are relatively rare. The most common are ''arí'' ("yes") and ''mana'' ("no"), although ''mana'' can take the suffix ''-n'' (''manan'') to intensify the meaning. Also used are ''yaw'' ("hey", "hi"), and certain loan words from Spanish, such as ''piru'' (from Spanish ''pero'' "but") and ''sinuqa'' (from ''sino'' "rather").
==See also==
*[[Aymara language]]
*[[Andes]]
==External Links==
{{InterWiki|code=qu}}
* [http://www.quechuanetwork.org/dictionary.cfm?lang=e Quechua Network's Dictionary] a very good one.
* [http://www.andes.org/q_grammar.html Quechua lessons] in Spanish and English
* [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Quechua-english/ Quechua - English Dictionary]: from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Online Dictionary] - the Rosetta Edition.
* [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Ecuadorian+Quechua-english/ Ecuadorian Quechua - English Dictionary]: from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Online Dictionary] - the Rosetta Edition.
{{wikibooks|Quechua}}
<!-- '''Note:''' You can also help Wikipedia by translating the [http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_quechua Spanish language article] '''Needs further rewriting, but I translated most of the Spanish language article''' -->
[[bg:Кечуа]]
[[ca:Quítxua]]
[[da:Quechua]]
[[de:Quechua]]
[[eo:Keĉua lingvo]]
[[es:Idioma quechua]]
[[fi:Ketšua]]
[[fr:Quechua]]
[[ja:ケチュア]]
[[nl:Quechua]]
[[pl:Język keczua]]
[[pt:Quíchua]]
[[qu:Runa Simi]]
[[ru:Кечуа (язык)]]
[[simple:Quechua]]
[[sv:Quechua]]
[[Category:Languages of Argentina]]
[[Category:Languages of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Languages of Chile]]
[[Category:Languages of Colombia]]
[[Category:Languages of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Languages of Peru]]
[[Category:Native American languages]]
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