«Ուղտասարդեր»–ի խմբագրումների տարբերություն

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չ Hrayrhrayr տեղափոխեց էջը «Մորմ (կենդանի)»-ից «Մորմ (հոդվածոտանի)»: Սխալ հղում, մորմը սխալ է ներկայացված, դա տարանտուլա չէ այլ սալպուգա կամ ֆ...
ճշգրտում
Պիտակ՝ Վերահղման վերացում
Տող 1.
{{Տաքսոտուփ
#ՎԵՐԱՀՂՈՒՄ [[Մորմ (միջատ)]]
| regnum = Կենդանիներ
|phylum = [[Հոդվածոտանիներ]]
|classis = [[Սարդակերպեր]]
|ordo = Մորմեր
| image file = Sunspider.jpg
| image descr =
| latin = Scorpiones
| author = [[C. L. Koch]], [[1837]]
| range map =
| range map caption =
| range map width =
| range legend =
| iucnstatus =
| wikispecies = Scorpiones
| commons = Category:Scorpiones
| iucn =
| itis = 82713
| ncbi = 6855
| eol = 8542
}}
'''Մորմեր''' ({{lang-lat|Scorpionida}}), [[սարդակերպեր]]ի դասի [[Անողնաշարավորներ|անողնաշարավոր կենդանիներ]]ի կարգ։
 
Մարմնի երկարությունը 1—18 սմ է, բաժանված է գլխակրծքի և հատվածավոր փորիկի, որը կազմված է առջևի լայն և ետին երկար, հաճախ «պոչ» կոչվող մասերից։ Ոտքերը 4 զույգ են, խելիցերները՝ ունելիանման։ Շնչառության օրգանները թոքային պարկերն են, որոնք բացվում են փորիկի 3-6-րդ հատվածներում։ Գիշերային կենդանիներ են, ցերեկը թաքնվում են քարերի տակ, ճեղքերում։ Սնվում են միջատներով, սարդերով, բազմոտանիներով։ Տարածված են արևադարձերում, մերձարևադարձերում, անապատներում, ինչպես նաև արևադարձային խոնավ անտառներում։ Մորմի խայթոցի շրջակայքը բավական ուռչում է շատ ցավոտ է։ Լայն տարածում ունի հայաստանի ցածրադիր գոտիներում, Արարատյան դաշտավայրում, Արագածոտնի մարզում:
{{ՀՍՀ|հատոր=5|էջ=322}}
 
[[Կատեգորիա:Սարդակերպեր]]
 
 
{{Անավարտ}}
 
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Solifugae
| image = Sunspider.jpg
| image_caption = Solifugid from [[Arizona]]
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Late Carboniferous|recent}}
| authority = [[Carl Jakob Sundevall|Sundevall]], 1833
| subdivision_ranks= Families
| subdivision = *[[Ammotrechidae]]
*[[Ceromidae]]
*[[Daesiidae]]
*[[Eremobatidae]]
*[[Galeodidae]]
*[[Gylippidae]]
*[[Hexisopodidae]]
*[[Karschiidae]]
*[[Melanoblossidae]]
*[[Mummuciidae]]
*[[Rhagodidae]]
*[[Solpugidae]]
}}
'''Solifugae''' is an [[Order (biology)|order]] of [[animals]] in the [[Class (biology)|class]] [[Arachnid]]a known variously as '''camel spiders''', '''wind scorpions''', '''sun spiders''', or '''solifuges'''. The order includes more than 1,000 described [[species]] in about 153 [[genus|genera]]. Despite the common names, they are neither true [[scorpion]]s (order Scorpiones) nor true [[spider]]s (order [[Araneae]]) – though they are more closely related to scorpions than to spiders. Much like a spider, the body of a solifugid has two [[Tagma (biology)|tagmata]]: an [[opisthosoma]] (abdomen) behind the [[prosoma]] (that is, in effect, a combined head and thorax). At the front end, the prosoma bears two [[chelicerae]] that, in most species, are conspicuously large. The chelicerae serve as jaws and in many species also are used for [[stridulation]]. Unlike scorpions, solifugids do not have a third tagma that forms a "tail". Most species of Solifugae live in [[dry climate]]s and feed opportunistically on ground-dwelling [[arthropod]]s and other small animals. The largest species grow to a length of {{convert|12|-|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}, including legs. A number of urban legends exaggerate the size and speed of the Solifugae, and their potential danger to humans, which is negligible.
 
==Anatomy==
[[File:Solifugae Ventral aspect of respiratory slots 2012 01 24 0985s.JPG|thumb|Ventral aspect of a solifugid, showing respiratory slots]]
Solifugae are moderately small to large arachnids (a few millimeters to several centimeters in body length), with the larger species reaching {{convert|12|-|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in length, including legs.<ref name="geographic">{{cite web |url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/bugs/egyptian-giant-solpugid/ |title=Egyptian giant solpugid (camel spider) ''Galeodes arabs'' |publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] |accessdate=June 10, 2011}}</ref><ref name=schmidt93/> In practice, the respective lengths of the legs of various species differ drastically, so the resulting figures are often misleading. More practical measurements refer primarily to the body length, quoting leg lengths separately, if at all. The body length is up to {{convert|7|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=" Pech">{{cite book | last = Pechenik | first = Jan | title = Biology of the Invertebrates | publisher = Wm. C. Brown Publishers | location = Dubuque | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-697-13712-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Mullen | first = Gary R. | title = Medical and Veterinary Entomology | publisher = Academic Press | location = Burlington, Massachusetts | edition = 2 | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-12-372500-4 }}</ref> Most species are closer to {{convert|5|cm|abbr=on|0}} long, and some small species are under {{convert|1|cm|abbr=on|1}} in head-plus-body length when mature.<ref name="Punzo"/>
 
Like that of the spider order, the Araneae, the body plan of the Solifugae has two main [[Tagma (biology)|tagmata]]: the [[prosoma]], or [[cephalothorax]], is the [[Anatomical terms of location|anterior]] tagma, and the 10-segmented [[abdomen]], or [[opisthosoma]], is the [[Anatomical terms of location|posterior]] tagma. As shown in the illustrations, the solifugid prosoma and opisthosoma are not separated by nearly as clear a constriction and connecting tube or "[[Pedicel (spider)|pedicel]]" as occurs in "true spiders", the order Araneae. The lack of the pedicel reflects another difference between Solifugae and spiders, namely that Solifugids lack both spinnerets and [[Spider silk|silk]], and do not spin [[Spiderweb|webs]]. Spiders need considerable mobility of their abdomens in their spinning activities, and the Solifugae have no need for any such adaptation.
 
The prosoma comprises the head, the mouthparts, and the [[somite]]s that bear the legs and the [[pedipalps]]. The alternative name "cephalothorax" reflects the fact that the prosoma includes the parts that in insects form the head plus the thorax. Though it is not split into two clear tagmata, the prosoma does have a large, relatively well-defined anterior carapace, bearing the animal's eyes and chelicerae, while a smaller posterior section bears the legs.<ref name="Punzo"/><ref name=IZ>{{Cite book|author= Barnes, Robert D. |year=1982 |title= Invertebrate Zoology |publisher= Holt-Saunders International |location= Philadelphia, PA|pages= 613–614|isbn= 0-03-056747-5}}</ref>
 
Like [[pseudoscorpion]]s and [[harvestmen]], Solifugae lack [[book lung]]s, having instead a well-developed [[Invertebrate trachea|tracheal system]] that inhales and exhales air through three pairs of slits on the animal's underside.
 
===Chelicerae===
[[File:Solifugae Chelicera lateral aspect 2012 01 24 0999s.JPG|thumb|Lateral aspect of chelicera, showing teeth and cutting edge]]
Among the most distinctive features of the Solifugae are their large [[chelicerae]], which in many species are longer than the prosoma. Each of the two chelicerae has two [[wikt:article|articles]] (segments, parts connected by a joint),<ref name="isbn0-19-861271-0">{{cite book |author=Brown, Lesley |title=The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |location=Oxford |year=1993 |pages= |isbn=0-19-861271-0}}</ref> forming a powerful pincer, much like that of a crab; each article bears a variable number of teeth, largely depending on the species.<ref name="Punzo"/><ref name=IZ/> The chelicerae of many species are surprisingly strong; they are capable of shearing hair or feathers from vertebrate prey or carrion, and of cutting through skin and thin bones such as those of small birds.<ref name="ISBN 978-0-7993-4689-3">{{cite book|last1=Holm|first1=Erik|last2=Dippenaar-Schoeman|first2=Ansie|title=Goggo Guide: The arthropods of southern Africa|date=2010|publisher=LAPA Publishers|location=Pretoria|isbn=0799346896}}</ref> Many Solifugae [[stridulation|stridulate]] with their chelicerae, producing a rattling noise.<ref name=schmidt93/>
 
===Legs and pedipalps===
[[File:Solfugid in veld near Uniondale (Western Cape) 1600.jpg|thumb|Male Solifugid in South African veld. Its flagella are visible near the tips of the chelicerae, looking like large, backward-curling bristles. As in most species, it holds its pedipalps clear of the ground; its front legs serve as tactile sensors, barely touching the ground with their setae]]
Like most other arachnids, although Solifugae appear to have five pairs of legs, only the hind four pairs actually are "true" legs. Each true leg has seven segments: [[Arthropod leg|coxa]], [[Arthropod leg|trochanter]], [[Arthropod leg|femur]], [[Arthropod leg|patella]], [[Arthropod leg|tibia]], [[Arthropod leg|metatarsus]], and [[Arthropod leg|tarsus]].<ref name="ISBN 978-0-7993-4689-3"/><ref name="Filmer">{{cite book | last = Filmer | first = Martin | title = Southern African Spiders | publisher = BHB International / Struik | location = City | year = 1997 | isbn = 1-86825-188-8 }}</ref>
 
The first, or anterior, of the five pairs of leg-like appendages are not "actual" legs, but [[pedipalp]]s and they have only five segments each. The pedipalps of Solifugae function partly as sense organs similar to insects' [[antenna (biology)|antennae]], and partly in locomotion, feeding and fighting. In normal locomotion, they do not quite touch the ground, but are held out to detect obstacles and prey; in that attitude, they look particularly like an extra pair of legs or perhaps arms. Reflecting the great dependence of Solifugae on their tactile senses, their [[anterior]] true legs commonly are smaller and thinner than the [[Posterior (anatomy)|posterior]] three pairs. That smaller anterior pair acts largely in a sensory role as a supplement to the pedipalps, and in many species they accordingly lack tarsi. At the tips of their pedipalps, Solifugae bear [[:wikt:evert|eversible]] adhesive organs, which they may use to capture flying prey, and which at least some species certainly use for climbing smooth surfaces.<ref name="ISBN 978-0-7993-4689-3" /><ref name="CNH">Harmer, Sir Sidney Frederic; Shipley, Arthur Everett et alia: The Cambridge natural history Volume 4, Crustacea, Trilobites, Arachnida, Tardigrada, Pentastomida etc. Macmillan Company 1895</ref>
[[File:Solifugae Solpugidae showing malleoli 2012 01 24 0964s.JPG|thumb|A female of a species in the family Solpugidae showing the malleoli beneath the posterior pair of legs]]
 
For the most part, only the posterior three pairs of legs are used for running.<ref name=IZ/><ref name="ISBN 978-0-7993-4689-3"/> On the undersides of the coxae and trochanters of the last pair of legs, Solifugae have fan-shaped sensory organs called [[malleolus (arthropod)|malleoli]] or racquet (or racket) organs. Sometimes, the blades of the malleoli are directed forward, sometimes not. They have been suspected to be sensory organs for the detection of vibrations in the soil, perhaps to detect threats and potential prey or mates.<ref name="ISBN 978-0-7993-4689-3"/> These structures may be chemoreceptors.<ref name=Punzo1998>{{cite book|last1=Punzo|first1=Fred|title=The Biology of Camel-Spiders: Arachnida, Solifugae|date=1998|publisher=Springer US|location=Boston, MA|isbn=9781461557272|page=66|url=https://books.google.co.za/books?id=PbTSBwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP7&ots=I2zVuma5R6&dq=solifugae%20malleolar&lr&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q=malleoli%20&f=false|accessdate=21 November 2015}}</ref>
 
Males are usually smaller than females, with relatively longer legs.<ref name=schmidt93/> Unlike females, the males bear a pair of [[flagella]], one on each chelicera. In the accompanying photograph of a male solifugid, one flagellum is just visible near the tip of each chelicera. The flagella, which bend back over the chelicerae, are sometimes called horns and are believed to have some sexual connection, but their function has not yet been clearly explained.<ref name="ISBN 978-0-7993-4689-3"/>
 
===Eyes===
[[File:Solpugidae showing eyes with presumably protective bristles 2012 01 24 1019s.JPG|thumb|Solifugid eyes with presumably protective bristles]]
Some species have very large central eyes. They look like [[Simple eye in invertebrates|simple eyes]] or [[Simple eye in invertebrates|ocelli]], and are surprisingly sophisticated. They can recognise forms, and are used in hunting and avoiding enemies. These eyes are remarkable in their internal anatomy; {{clarify span|they may represent the last step in the integration of the aggregate of simple ocelli into a [[compound eye]], and of further integration of a compound eye into a simple eye|date=July 2016}}.<ref>{{cite book | last = Beklemishev | first = Vladimir | title = Principles of Comparative Anatomy of Invertebrates | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago | year = 1969 | isbn = 0226041751 }}</ref> In contrast, lateral eyes are absent in many species, and where they are present at all, they are only rudimentary.
 
==Classification==
The Solifugae are an [[Order (biology)|order]] of their own, though are sometimes confused with spiders, which form a completely distinct order, the [[Araneae]]. The order comprises over 1000 [[Species description|described]] species in 153 genera assigned to the following 12 families:<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of biodiversity, Volume 1 |last=Levin |first=Simon A. |year=2001 |publisher=Academic Press |location=2001 |isbn=978-0-12-226866-3 |page=943 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=N9IIVBBmbrsC&dq=Solifuge&q=species+of+solifuge#search_anchor}}</ref>{{rp|213}}
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Ammotrechidae]]
* Ceromidae
* [[Daesiidae]]
* [[Eremobatidae]]
* [[Galeodidae]]
* Gylippidae
* Hexisopodidae
* Karschiidae
* Melanoblossidae
* Mummuciidae
* [[Rhagodidae]]
* [[Solpugidae]]
{{div col end}}
 
The family Protosolpugidae is only known from one fossil species from the [[Pennsylvanian (geology)|Pennsylvanian]].
 
==Ecology==
[[File:Gluvia4.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Gluvia dorsalis]]'' eating a cabbage bug (''[[Eurydema oleracea]]'')]]
Although the Solifugae are considered to be endemic indicators of [[desert]] [[biomes]],<ref name="Punzo">{{Cite book|title=The Biology of Camel-Spiders |author=Fred Punzo |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=0-7923-8155-6 |year=1998 |accessdate=January 25, 2010 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=cUnt7bAEcMAC}}</ref>{{rp|1}} they occur widely in semidesert and [[Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub|scrub]]. Some species also live in grassland or forest habitats. Solifugae generally inhabit warm and arid habitats, including virtually all warm deserts and scrublands in all continents except [[Antarctica]] and [[Australia]].<ref name=schmidt93>{{Cite book|author=G. Schmidt |year=1993 |title=Giftige und gefährliche Spinnentiere |language=German |publisher=Westarp Wissenschaften |isbn=3-89432-405-8}}</ref>
 
Solifugae are [[carnivore|carnivorous]] or [[omnivore|omnivorous]], with most species feeding on [[termite]]s, [[darkling beetle]]s, and other small, ground-dwelling [[arthropod]]s. Solifuges are aggressive hunters and voracious opportunistic feeders and have been recorded as feeding on [[snakes]], small [[lizards]], and [[rodents]].<ref name="Punzo"/> Prey is located with the pedipalps and killed and cut into pieces by the chelicerae. The prey is then liquefied and the liquid ingested through the [[pharynx]]. Although they do not normally attack humans, their chelicerae can penetrate human skin, and painful bites have been reported.<ref name=schmidt93/>
 
Various other predators, such as the [[large slit-faced bat]], scorpions, toads, and [[insectivore]]s, may prey on Solifugae.
 
==Life cycle==
Solifugae are typically [[univoltine]].<ref name="Punzo"/>{{rp|8}} Reproduction can involve direct or indirect [[sperm]] transfer; when indirect, the male emits a [[spermatophore]] on the ground and then inserts it with his chelicerae in the female's genital pore. To do this, he flings the female on her back.
 
The female then digs a burrow, into which she lays 50 to 200 eggs – some species then guard them until they hatch. Because the female does not feed during this time, she will try to fatten herself beforehand, and a species of {{convert|5|cm|abbr=on}} has been observed to eat more than 100 flies during that time in the laboratory.<ref name=schmidt93/> Solifugae undergo a number of stages including, egg, postembryo, 9–10 nymphal instars, and adults.<ref name="Punzo"/>
 
==Etymology==
The name Solifugae derives from [[Latin]], and means "those that flee from the sun". The order is also known by the names Solpugida, Solpugides, Solpugae, Galeodea, and Mycetophorae. Their [[common name]]s include camel spider, wind scorpion, scorpion carrier, jerrymunglum,<ref>Skaife, Sydney Harold; South African Nature Notes, Second edition. Pub: Maskew Miller: Cape Town, 1954.</ref> sun scorpion, and sun spider. In [[southern Africa]], they are known by a host of names, including red romans, ''{{lang|af|haarskeerders}}'' ("hair cutters") and ''{{lang|af|baardskeerders}}'' ("beard cutters"), the latter two relating to the belief they use their formidable jaws to clip hair from humans and animals to line their subterranean nests.<ref>{{Cite book|author=[[Ross Piper]] |year=2007 |title=Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref>
 
==Solifugids and humans==
[[File:Solifugo XIX.jpg|thumb|right|A [[scorpion]] (left) fighting a solifugid (right)]]
Solifugids have been recognised as distinct taxa from ancient times. The [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] recognized that they were distinct from [[spider]]s; spiders were called {{lang|el|ἀράχνη}} (''arachne'') while Solifugae were named {{lang|el|φαλάνγιον}} (''phalangion''). In [[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]]'s ''De natura animalium'', they are mistakenly mentioned, along with [[scorpion]]s, as responsible for the abandoning of a country in [[Ethiopia (mythology)|Ethiopia]]. [[Anton August Heinrich Lichtenstein]] theorised in 1797 that the "mice" which plagued the [[Philistines]] in the [[Old Testament]] were Solifugae. During [[World War I]], troops {{Clarify|reason=Egyptian troops? German troops?|date=September 2016}} stationed in [[Abu Qir|Abū Qīr]], [[Egypt]] would stage fights between captive "jerrymanders," as they referred to them, and placed bets on the outcome. Similarly, British troops stationed in [[Libya]] in [[World War II]] would stage fights between solifugids and scorpions.<ref name="Punzo"/>{{rp|2–3}}
 
===Urban legends===
Solifugae are the subject of many legends and exaggerations about their size, speed, behaviour, appetite, and lethality. They are not especially large, the biggest having a leg span of about {{convert|12|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref name=schmidt93/> They are fast on land compared to other invertebrates, with their top speed estimated to be {{convert|16|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}},<ref name="geographic" /> close to one-half as fast as the fastest human sprinter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://berlin.iaaf.org/mm/document/competitions/competition/05/30/83/20090817081546_httppostedfile_wch09_m100_final_13529.pdf |title=IAAF (International Association of Athletics Federations) Biomechanical Research Project: Berlin 2009. |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-11-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514050117/http://berlin.iaaf.org/mm/document/competitions/competition/05/30/83/20090817081546_httppostedfile_wch09_m100_final_13529.pdf |archivedate=2014-05-14 |df= }}</ref>
 
The Solifugae apparently have neither [[venom (poison)|venom]] glands nor any venom-delivery apparatus such as the fangs of spiders, stings of wasps, or venomous [[seta]]e of caterpillars (e.g., ''[[Lonomia]]'' or ''[[Saddleback caterpillar|Acharia]]'' species).{{Citation needed|date=August 2016}} One 1978 study is frequently quoted, in which the authors report detection of an exception to this rule in [[India]], in that ''Rhagodes nigrocinctus'' had venom glands, and that injection of the secretion into mice was frequently fatal. However, no supporting studies have confirmed either the facts of the matter, such as by independent detection of the glands as claimed, or the relevance of the observations if correct. Even the authors of the original account denied having found any means of delivery of the putative venom by the animal, and the only means of administering the material to the mice was by [[Route of administration#Parenteral|parenteral]] injection.<ref>{{cite journal |author=M. Aruchami & G. Sundara Rajulu |year=1978 |title=An investigation on the poison glands and the nature of the venom of ''Rhagodes nigrocinctus'' (Solifugae: Arachnida) |journal=Nat. Acad. Sci. Letters (India) |volume=1 |pages=191–192}}</ref> Given that many non-venoms such as saliva, blood and glandular secretions can be lethal if injected, and that no venomous function was even speculated upon in this study, there is no evidence as yet for even one venomous species of solifugid.<ref>Klann, Anja Elisabeth. Histology and ultrastructure of solifuges comparative studies of organ systems of solifuges (Arachnida, Solifugae) with special focus on functional analyses and phylogenetic interpretations Dissertation: Greifswald, Univ., Diss., 2009 Edition/Format:Thesis/dissertation Manuscript: eBook Archival Material: English View all editions and formats Database:WorldCat. [http://ub-ed.ub.uni-greifswald.de/opus/volltexte/2009/714/pdf/A.E._Klann_2009_Histology_and_ultrastructure_of_solifugae.pdf]</ref>
 
Because of their unfamiliar spider-like appearance and rapid movements, Solifugae have startled or even frightened many people. This fear was sufficient to drive a family from their home when one was discovered in a soldier's house in [[Colchester|Colchester, England]], and caused the family to blame the solifugid for the death of their pet [[dog]].<ref>{{Cite news| date = August 28, 2008 | title = Stowaway Afghan spider kills family dog | publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/28/uk.dangerous.spider/index.html |accessdate=January 8, 2011}}</ref> An Arizona resident developed painful lesions due to a claimed solifugid bite, but could not produce a specimen for confirmation.<ref>{{Cite news| date = July 27, 2017 | title = Mystery bug bite leaves Arizona man covered in bruises, ‘excruciating pain’ | publisher=Global News | url=http://globalnews.ca/news/3629567/mystery-bug-bite-leaves-arizonas-man-covered-in-bruises-excruciating-pain/ | accessdate=July 27, 2017}}</ref> Though they are not venomous, the powerful [[chelicerae]] of a large specimen may inflict a painful nip, but nothing medically significant.<ref>{{cite book |author=David Penney |year=2009 |title=Common Spiders and Other Arachnids of The Gambia, West Africa |publisher=Siri Scientific Press |isbn=978-0-9558636-3-9 |chapter=Solifugae (camel spiders) |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjVGuc76_RkC&pg=PA71}}</ref>
 
==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}
 
==Videos==
 
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ce_ZXfSL4yk Camel Spider Feeding] by Stefan F. Wirth
 
==External links==
{{Commons category|Solifugae}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Portal|Arthropods}}
* {{snopes | link = http://www.snopes.com/photos/bugs/camelspider.asp | title = Camel Spiders }}
* {{Cite news| url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/06/0629_040629_camelspider.html | publisher = [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] | title = Camel Spiders: Behind an E-Mail Sensation From Iraq | date = June 29, 2004 }}
* {{cite web| url = http://www.solpugid.com/index.htm | title = The Arachnid Order Solifugae | publisher = }}
 
{{Arachnida}}
 
 
[[Category:Solifugae| ]]
[[Category:Arachnid orders]]
[[Category:Extant Pennsylvanian first appearances]]
[[Category:Pennsylvanian taxonomic orders]]
[[Category:Urban legends]]